High temperature rheology is one of the important parameters of high temperature drilling fluid, which directly affects ROP, pump pressure, displacement, suspended and carried cuttings, borehole purification, borehole stability, pressure fluctuation and cementing quality. Therefore, the research and development of high temperature rheometer has been highly valued at home and abroad. Typical manufacturers include American Fan Company, OFI Company and Grace Company. Its typical products are as follows.
3.3.1.1ite1100 high-temperature pressure rheometer
OFITE 1 100 high-temperature pressurized rheometer, developed and produced by OFI, is a fully automatic testing system, which can accurately test the rheological properties of fracturing fluid, completion fluid, drilling fluid and cement slurry according to parameters such as shear force, shear rate, time, pressure and temperature, and display and record the shear stress, shear rate, rotation speed, pressure, storage tank and sample temperature in real time. Can be used in the laboratory or in the field, can choose waterproof mobile box, with wheels, easy to move. The pressure of OFITE high temperature and high pressure rheometer can reach 65438±08 MPa, the temperature can reach 260℃, and the lowest temperature is 0℃. There is also a cooling system to cool the sample (Figure 3. 1).
Fig. 3.1ite1100 high temperature and high pressure rheometer
Unique ORCADA(OFITE R (rheometer) C (control) and D (data) A (acquisition)) with simple software. The brand-new KlikLockTM quick link technology is combined with the redesigned sample cup, which is convenient for disassembly and maintenance. The brand-new SAFEHEATTM system is a safe, accurate, environmentally friendly and efficient air transmission heating system, which makes the operation safer, simpler and cleaner.
3.3. 1.2 high temperature and high pressure rheometer
The fully automatic system accurately measures the rheology of completion fluid, drilling fluid and cement slurry according to the conditions of shear force, shear rate, time, pressure up to 207MPa and temperature up to 260℃. After selecting the cold water system, the test system can adapt to the test samples that need to be cooled, which further increases the scope of application of the instrument (Figure 3.2).
Figure 3.2 High temperature and high pressure rheometer
Use a compass to measure the rotation of the magnet at the top of the torque accessory. If the instrument is not compensated, the influence of the electric magnet in the protective cover. The comprehensive results such as the influence of the earth's magnetic field, shielding magnetic field, spring nonlinearity, laboratory magnetic field and materials, non-ideal fluid flow and slight change of product structure make the measurement angle nonlinear. Computers can easily compensate for these effects.
3.3. 1.3 Ceast capillary rheometer
Capillary rheometers are divided into single-hole and double-hole types, which are used for quality control and research and development of thermoplastic polymer materials. Under the platform of CeastVIEW, the instrument is controlled by VisualRHEO software. It can be measured at any constant shear rate or piston rod speed. The double-hole tube structure independently collects and analyzes the test data measured in each hole. You can choose all kinds of special software. Various measurement units can be selected: melt tensile test, die expansion and slit die. PVT, semi-automatic cleaning, etc. Rheological series: the maximum force is 50kN；; The speed ratio is1∶ 500000; The piston speed is 0.0024 ~1200mm/min. The working temperature is 50℃ ~ 450℃ (optional 500℃), which is controlled by two PT 100 sensors. Quick replaceable load sensor (range: 1 ~ 50kn) Pressure sensor range: 3.5~200MPa (Figure 3.3).
Figure 3.3 Capillary rheometer
3.3. 1.4 Huck RV20/D 100 high temperature and high pressure viscometer
Haake RV20/D 100 high-temperature pressurized rotary viscometer has an upper limit of 203kPa( 1400psi) and 300℃, and consists of two coaxial cylinders fixed on a heater. The outer cylinder is fixed on the top of the heater (autoclave) with bolts, and the inner cylinder is supported on ball bearings (the outer cylinder supports the inner cylinder through bearings). The inner cylinder or drum is connected with Rotovisco RV 20 by magnetic coupling. The inner cylinder is used as a rotor, and the driving mechanism outside the kettle drives the inner cylinder to rotate through electromagnetic coupling; Through electromagnetic coupling, the inner cylinder transfers the torque it receives to the driving mechanism outside the kettle to make it rotate at an angle (Figure 3.4).
Figure 3.4 Huck RV20/D 100 Shear Stress Testing Principle
Rheological curve can be drawn automatically by computer control. The instrument can change continuously in the range of 0s-1~1200s-1,and the data can be analyzed automatically. The torque applied to the rotating shaft can be measured by the responsive electric torsion bar. Measuring the torsion angle of the electric torsion bar is the applied torque. The shear stress can be calculated from the torque value by an appropriate shear stress constant.
3.3. 1.5 model 7400/M7500, a patented product of American Grace Company.
M7400 rheometer consists of a 250mL slurry cup assembly, which is installed in the pressurized test kettle of the instrument. The slurry cup is easy to take out, which is convenient for sample loading and cleaning. The rheometer can be equipped with different inner cylinder/rotor (outer cylinder) combinations to provide different measurement gap sizes. The rotor (outer cylinder) rotates around the inner cylinder at the required speed. When the liquid in the annular region between the inner cylinder and the rotor (outer cylinder) is sheared, the torque transmitted to the inner cylinder is measured by a strain gauge type torque sensor (Figure 3.5).
Fig. 3.5 M7400 rheometer
The instrument is pressurized by pneumatic hydraulic pump, and mineral oil is used as pressure medium. A programmable pressure controller connected to the high-pressure pump controls pressurization and pressure maintenance. The impeller below the slurry cup circulates pressure oil to improve the temperature control effect, and the impeller is also used to provide uniform sample heating effect. The temperature control is controlled by a temperature controller connected to an internal 4000W heater and thermocouple. The thermocouple at the top of the cylinder in the center of the slurry cup is used to measure the actual sample temperature. The motor drives the rotor (outer cylinder) to rotate within a certain speed range, and the sample viscosity is determined by the following formula.
M7500 is a high temperature, ultra-high pressure, low shear, automatic and digital rheometer, specially designed for simple testing of complex samples. The patented measuring mechanism design of the instrument cancels the expensive and fragile gem bearing, which can be used for large-scale measurement. Because of its unique design, it is easy to maintain and greatly simplifies the operation process. Based on Microsoft database as a friendly user interface, the pressure, speed and temperature of the test results are automatically controlled to make the experimental results more accurate and consistent. The standard API experiment can be realized by touching the LCD screen or clicking the mouse on the computer (Table 3.5).
Table 3.5 M7500 technical parameters
Compared with other similar products, M7500 has shorter testing time and simpler operation. Does not contain fragile and expensive precision bearings, so the maintenance cost is low; The most advanced speed control makes it possible to test low shear rate, and automatic shear stress calibration greatly simplifies the operation procedure.
3.3. 1.6 van der waals rheometer
(1) Van Gogh consistency meter
Van Gogh consistency meter is a high temperature and high pressure instrument. The test mud is subjected to shear in the casing, and its maximum working pressure and temperature are 140MPa and 260℃ respectively. Its measuring principle is shown in Figure 3.6. It makes the soft core do axial reciprocating motion through the electromagnetic force generated by two alternately charged electromagnets installed at both ends of the sample kettle. Mud existing in the annular gap between the moving iron core and the sample pot wall is sheared. The higher the viscosity of the mud, the slower the movement speed of the iron core and the longer it takes to run from one end to the other. The relative viscosity of mud is measured by the running time of iron core. Van Gogh consistency meter can't measure absolute viscosity, so the result is usually taken as relative viscosity. This is because the electromagnet exerts a constant force on the iron core, which accelerates the iron core from zero to the final speed in the measured mud. In common mud, the iron core can't always move at a uniform speed, so it can't be analyzed according to the constant or certain annular shear rate. In practical use, it is often used to measure the consistency of cement slurry.
Fig. 3.6 Schematic diagram of Van Gogh consistency meter
(2) Van der Waals 50C high temperature and high pressure rheometer
Fann50C high temperature and high pressure rheometer is a high temperature and high pressure coaxial rotary viscometer. The maximum working pressure and temperature are 7MPa and 260℃ respectively, and the principle of shear stress measurement is shown in Figure 3.6. Mud is filled in the annular gap between two cylinders, and the outer cylinder can rotate at different speeds. The torque formed by the rotation of the outer cylinder in the mud acts on the inner cylinder, which makes the inner cylinder rotate at an angle. By measuring this angle, the shear stress can be determined. The measured data are output in the form of curves with an X-Y recorder. Its rotating speed can be continuously adjusted in the range of 1 ~ 625 r/min.
The early products of FAN 50C are all equipped with pressure oil, which is suitable for the rheological test of water-based mud at high temperature and high pressure, and the pressure oil has a great influence on the test results of oil-based mud. There are two forms of Van Gogh's 50C mid-term products, which can be provided by pressure oil or high-pressure nitrogen or air. The latest product is only a form of pressure provided by high-pressure air source. After using air pressure, pressure oil has no effect on mud pollution and test results.
(3)Fann 50SL high temperature rheometer
50SL is an improved product of Fann 50C. Based on the original structure of Fann50C, it adds a pressure sensor, a cooling water solenoid valve and a remote controller (RCO). It is a high-precision coaxial rotary viscometer. The instrument has wide versatility and can solve many viscosity testing problems or complete many program tests. Fann 50SL (Figure 3.7) can test the rheological properties of fluids at special shear rates. Such as Bingham plastic fluid and pseudoplastic fluid (including power-law fluid) and expansion fluid, and thixotropy and gelation time can also be measured, and the experiment can be carried out under the condition of accurately controlling shear rate, temperature and pressure.
Viscometer can measure the shear force-shear rate value, and can also obtain the shear rate characteristics in rheological state. By selecting the appropriate torsion spring, inner cylinder and outer cylinder, a wide viscosity measurement range (shear force range from 50 to 64,000 Dyn/cm2) can be obtained.
The maximum temperature is 260℃ and the pressure is 7MPa( 1000psi). When using this instrument, you must connect a remote control and a suitable computer. Its control operation is that the instrument transmits the sensor signal to the computer through the interface, and the computer outputs the correct control signal to Fann 50SL. The control of heating, pressing and rotor speed is controlled by the input of special software. Apparent viscosity, time dependence, changes caused by continuous shear and temperature effects at various shear rates can be measured quickly and accurately. 50SL is an ideal instrument for measuring general rheological properties (including high temperature stability of drilling fluid). The only drawback is that the control software does not have the function of outputting curves on the printer.
(4)Fann 75 rheometer
It is mainly used to measure the shear stress and viscosity of drilling fluid at different temperatures, pressures and shear rates. The highest measuring temperature is 260℃ and the highest measuring pressure is 138MPa. The instrument is shown in Figure 3.8.
The working principle of this instrument is the same as other "rotary" rheometers, and the rotor/float combination is shown in the figure.
(5) Vander IX77 rheometer
Van der Waals IX77 automatic mud rheometer (Figure 3.9) is the first automatic rheometer to measure the rheological properties of fluids under extreme conditions of high pressure (30000Psi) and high temperature (365,438+06℃). In addition, if equipped with a software-controlled refrigerator, the experiment can be carried out at a temperature below room temperature.
Fig. 3.7 Fann 50SL high temperature rheometer
Fig. 3.8 Fann 75 rheometer
The instrument is a coaxial cylinder measuring system, and the angle of the spring combination embedded with gem bearing is detected by a precise magnetic sensor, and the sensor system can be calibrated to 65438 0℃. The motor speed is completely controlled by stepless speed regulation, from 0 to 640 rpm.
The instrument is characterized by a very safe transmission mechanism, an embedded microcomputer and ingenious mechanical and circuit design. Its software automates the operation, data acquisition, output report and alarm functions of the instrument, maximizes its application range and brings greater flexibility to the operation.
IX77 is prohibited to be used for testing samples containing hematite, ilmenite, iron carbonate or mixtures, solutions, suspensions and reagents containing magnetically active iron components.
Other high-temperature and high-pressure rheometers such as Chandler 7400 (working limit conditions: 140MPa and 205℃) and Huxley Burram (105 MPa and 260℃) have similar working principles to the above types.
Fig. 3.9 Fann IX77 rheometer
3.3.2 High temperature and high pressure filter instrument
The seepage of mud into the formation during drilling is a complex process, which is influenced by many factors, including static filtration under the pressure difference between mud column pressure and reservoir pressure. Including the dynamic filtration of mud under this pressure difference, this flow is caused by the backflow in the mud circulation process and the cyclone in the drill string rotation process, which has a scouring effect on the filtering surface of the borehole wall and affects the infiltration process.
High-temperature and high-pressure filtration instrument is a special instrument to measure the filtration of drilling fluid under simulated deep well conditions, and it can also form filter cake after filtration under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. Temperature and pressure play an important role in filtrate control.
3.3.2. 1 Haitong High Temperature and High Pressure Filter
(1)GGS series (Figure 3.10; Table 3.6)
Fig. 3. 10 GGS-7 1 high temperature and high pressure filter
Table 3.6 GGS Series Instrument Parameters
GGS42- single-hole single-layer live net drilling fluid cup is selected, and the mesh number of filter screen is 50.
GGS42-2 and GGS7 1-A are made of stainless steel shell with special insulation layer, which has high heat transfer efficiency. Select a drilling fluid cup with a through-hole single-layer movable net, and the mesh number of the filter screen is 50; GGS42-2A and GGS7 1-B adopt stainless steel shell and add special insulation layer, which has high heat transfer efficiency. Single-layer live drilling fluid cup with 60 mesh is selected, equipped with independent temperature control system and advanced electronic temperature controller abroad.
(2)HDF- 1 high temperature and high pressure dynamic filter.
HDF- 1 high temperature and high pressure dynamic filter overcomes the shortcomings of static filter, and makes the test results closer to the actual situation underground. The motor-driven spindle drives the spiral blades in the cup to stir the drilling fluid. Variable-speed motor is controlled by SCR controller, and the spindle speed is displayed digitally (Table 3.7; Figure 3. 1 1).
Table 3.7 Main technical parameters of the instrument
Fig. 3. 1 1 hdf- 1 filter.
3.3.2.2 OFI high temperature and high pressure dynamic automatic water loss instrument.
OFITE high temperature and high pressure dynamic filtration instrument measures the filtration characteristics under dynamic drilling conditions. The motor drives the spindle with blades to rotate in the standard 500mL HTHP mud pool, and the speed setting range is 1 ~ 1600 r/min, which simulates the laminar or turbulent flow of drilling fluid in the high temperature and high pressure pool. The test method is exactly the same as the standard high-temperature and high-pressure filtration instrument, the only difference is that the drilling fluid flows and circulates in the high-temperature and high-pressure tank when collecting filtrate. Because the filter medium is made of ordinary disc, the measurement results are completely comparable to other or previous measurement results. The instrument can be connected with a computer to automatically draw curves. The maximum pressure is 8.6MPa and the maximum temperature is 260℃ (Figure 3. 12).
Fig. 3. 12 OFI high temperature and high pressure dynamic filter.
Technical features: ① A real circulating filter for rotary analysis of drilling fluid; ② variable speed motor, 1/2Hp permanent magnet, DC; (3) The tank top is covered with auxiliary pipeline connection and the plug is pulled out, so that additional drilling fluid additives can be added; (4) Explosion-proof disk with safety correction to ensure overvoltage safety; ⑤ The rotating speed of motor and rotating spindle should be1:1; ⑥ The distance from the adjustable propeller to the filter medium changes; ⑦ The adjustable thermocouple temperature is 38 ~ 260℃; (8) Filter filter with optional filter device; Pet-name ruby ⑨500mL stainless steel high pressure pool.
3.3.2.3, USA, Fann's high temperature and high pressure dynamic automatic water loss instrument.
Fann90 high temperature and high pressure dynamic fluid loss tester adopts artificial core filter cartridge, and the filtrate is filtered from the side wall of the core filter cartridge, which can well simulate the process of drilling fluid filtration from the borehole wall during drilling, not only test the cumulative fluid loss in a period of time, but also draw the curve of fluid loss with time. The maximum working pressure of Fann90 can reach 17.2MPa, and the maximum working temperature is 260℃. The instrument can be connected with computers and printers, with high degree of automation and convenient operation. It is the most advanced dynamic water loss instrument at present (Figure 3. 13).
Fig. 3. 13 Fann90 high temperature and high pressure dynamic water loss instrument
3.3.2.4 LH-1Multifunctional Dynamic Evaluation Experimental Instrument for Drilling Fluid at High Temperature and High Pressure.
"Study on Mechanism and Performance of High Temperature and High Density Water-based Drilling Fluid" The multifunctional dynamic evaluation experimental instrument is an intelligent multifunctional dynamic comprehensive evaluation experimental instrument for drilling fluid. This instrument can simulate the downhole situation during drilling to evaluate the performance of drilling fluid, and it integrates many high-temperature and high-pressure performance evaluation experiments of drilling fluid to achieve the purpose of multi-purpose (Figure 3.438+04).
Fig. 3. Physical diagram of14 multifunctional drilling fluid dynamic comprehensive tester
The instrument can be used for static/dynamic filtration under high temperature and high pressure, drilling cuttings dispersion under high temperature and high pressure, dynamic aging under high temperature and high pressure, etc. The computer industrial computer is used to control the experimental process, display the experimental state in real time, automatically collect, process and display the experimental data, and realize intelligent experimental operation.
Main technical indicators of the instrument: working temperature 0 ~ 300℃; Working pressure 0 ~ 40 MPa, rotating speed 0 ~ 1200 r/min, stepless speed regulation; The volume of the kettle is 800 ml; ; The cooling rate is 200℃ ~ room temperature/10 min.
3.3.3 High temperature roller hearth furnace
During drilling, the influence of temperature on drilling fluid circulation is very important. The function of hot rolling furnace is to evaluate the influence of drilling fluid circulation and temperature in the well on drilling.
The high-temperature roller hearth furnace comprises a furnace body, rollers and an aging kettle driven by the rollers. The aging kettle is provided with a kettle body, a kettle cover is arranged at the upper part of the kettle body, a sealing cover is arranged between the kettle body and the kettle cover, and a compression bolt perpendicular to the kettle cover is arranged on the kettle cover to tightly seal the cover and the kettle body. A sealing ring is arranged between the sealing cover and the kettle body, and the sealing ring is made of tetrafluoroethylene. The lid is provided with an exhaust valve, which is communicated with the kettle cavity through a sealing lid, and O-shaped sealing rings are arranged at both ends of the exhaust valve, and the sealing rings are made of tetrafluoroethylene. Support rings are arranged on the pot cover and the pot body, and the support rings are made of tetrafluoroethylene; a gasket is arranged on the edge of the oven door, and the gasket is made of tetrafluoroethylene. The invention has the advantages of high temperature resistance, good sealing effect, small volume, high safety factor and convenient use.
3.3.3. 1 Qingdao Haitong XGRL-4 high temperature roller furnace
Roller hearth furnace is a kind of heating and aging equipment. Intelligent control technology of microprocessor is adopted, which can be set directly, displayed on digital panel, and deviation can be indicated. The application range is 50 ~ 240℃ and the roll speed is 50r/min (Figure 3. 15).
Fig. 3. 15 XGRL-4 high temperature roller hearth furnace
Roller hearth furnace adopts steel frame structure, aluminum silicate insulation layer and stainless steel shell; The roller adopts high-quality metal roller and frame, PTFE graphite bearing, light weight and smooth rotation; The heating system is heated by two 700W heating pipes. The power system is driven by the chain of high-power speed regulating motor to rotate the drum, with stable and reliable transmission and low noise; The temperature control part adopts intelligent instrument for setting, displaying and reading to ensure the accuracy of constant temperature. If the temperature exceeds the limit, the heating power supply will automatically turn off and give an audible and visual alarm. The timing section is closed periodically.
3.3.3.2 Ofeirola Furnace
OFI company, USA, five-axis high temperature roller furnace. The application range is 50 ~ 300℃, and the drum speed is 50r/min (Figure 3. 16, Figure 3. 17).
Fig. 3. 16 fire roller furnace
Fig. 3. 17 aging tank
3.3.3.3 Fanshi 70 1 Roller Furnace
Fann 70 1 five-axis high-temperature roller hearth furnace of American fann company, the application range is 50 ~ 300℃, and the roller speed is 50r/min (Figure 3. 18).
Fig. 3. 18 fann roller hearth furnace
3.3.4 Present situation of other high temperature and high pressure evaluation instruments
3.3.4. 1 high temperature and high pressure plugging device
The high temperature and high pressure plugging instrument is mainly used to simulate the plugging material experiment under high temperature and high pressure conditions. For a mud system, we can carry out sand-packed bed experiment, slit plate experiment and core static pollution experiment to measure the backflow prevention pressure after the formation of plugging layer. For example, JHB high-temperature and high-pressure plugging instrument consists of pressurizing part, heating part and joint plate simulation part. Refer to Figure 3. 19 ~ Figure 3.22.
Fig. 3. 19 physical diagram of high temperature and high pressure plugging instrument
Figure 3.20 Structure diagram of high temperature and high pressure plugging device
Figure 3.2 1 Physical Schematic Diagram of Experimental Board
Figure 3.22 Physical diagram of experimental ball and sleeve.
Present situation of high temperature and high pressure dilatometer in 3.3.4.2
The dilatometer is an important testing instrument to evaluate the swelling performance of clay minerals, which is mainly used for the research of anti-sloughing mud and treatment agent. The swelling amount and swelling rate of shale samples under different conditions can be accurately determined by receiving curves by computer. It is used to evaluate the inhibition ability of different anti-sloughing treatment agents on shale slurry water, and select appropriate treatment agents for shale with different strata and different components to control and weaken the hydration expansion of shale and prevent possible accidents such as collapse and sticking.
The normal temperature and pressure dilatometer can not simulate the expansion of clay under underground conditions and the anti-expansion effect of clay inhibitors.
(1)HTP C4 high temperature and high pressure dual-channel dilatometer
HTP-C4 high-temperature and high-pressure single-channel dilatometer can well simulate downhole temperature (≤260℃) and pressure (≤7MPa), and test the hydration and swelling characteristics of shale, which provides an advanced testing method for the research, evaluation and optimization of drilling fluid formula for borehole stability and anti-sloughing. HTP-C4 shale dilatometer adopts non-contact high-precision sensor, which is recorded by computer, with stable performance, wide test range and no drift, and can be used after being electrified. Two samples can be measured at the same time (Table 3.8; Figure 3.23).
Table 3.8 Main technical parameters of the instrument
Fig. 3.23 HTP-4 high temperature and high pressure single channel dilatometer
(2)JHTP non-contact high-temperature and high-pressure intelligent dilatometer
Although the high-temperature and high-pressure dilatometer can simulate the temperature and pressure conditions underground, it uses a contact linear displacement sensor, which is affected by the expansion cavity structure, resulting in the contradiction between high-pressure seal and displacement, which makes the linear expansion of clay unable to truly reflect, because it increases the test error.
Fig. 3.24 is a structural diagram of a non-contact intelligent dilatometer with high temperature and high pressure. It consists of a heater, an experimental cavity, a cavity cover, a cavity, a cavity, discus, a non-contact displacement sensor, a test liquid inlet, a pressurizing hole, a pre-device, a data collector and an output device. It uses the distance between the non-contact displacement sensor and the discus to shorten with the increase and change of the expansion of the mud cake, changes the output voltage of the sensor, and makes the data collector get the experimental parameters, thus evaluating the expansion performance of clay minerals indoors. It overcomes the problems that the existing dilatometer can not truly and accurately describe the swelling situation of clay under underground conditions, the experimental error is large, and the anti-swelling effect of clay after adding inhibitors can not be predicted. Simple structure, convenient operation and accurate experimental data.
Fig. 3.24 JHTP non-contact intelligent dilatometer structure
3.3.4.3 high temperature and high pressure adhesion instrument.
This instrument can be used to measure the adhesiveness of filter cake formed by drilling fluid filtered at normal temperature and medium pressure (0.7MPa) and normal temperature and high pressure (3.5MPa), and can also be used to test the adhesiveness of filter cake formed by drilling fluid samples filtered at high temperature (~ 170℃) and high pressure (3.5MPa). The pressure of the bonding disc is pneumatic (Figure 3.25).
3.3.4.4 high temperature and high pressure corrosion tester.
OFI high temperature and high pressure corrosion tester is used to test the reaction rate of metal samples to various corrosive liquids under high temperature and high pressure dynamic conditions. The system is mainly composed of pressure kettle, control instruments and valves, sample support and sample glassware.
The autoclave is made of special alloy steel, with a maximum working pressure of 34.5MPa and a maximum temperature of 204.4℃. The autoclave and internal samples are heated by thermocouples. The heating speed ranges from 2.5℉/ min to 3℉/ min. The cabinet contains a motor to shake the measuring bracket and a high-pressure pump to provide system pressure. The system is equipped with safety devices, including safety alarms.
Fig. 3.25 GNF- 1 bonder