1974, the burial pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum was discovered in xiyang village, Yanzhai Commune, Lintong County, Shaanxi Province, and the pit site was about 1.5 km away from Dongcheng Beach, the outer city of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum.
In 247 BC, Ying Zheng, who was only thirteen years old, became the king of Qin. He successively pacified the Six Kingdoms and established the Qin Dynasty in 22 1 BC, calling himself the first emperor. Qin Shihuang did many important things in his life that were conducive to reunification. He abolished feudalism, established counties, unified laws, unified measurement, unified writing, and so on.
At the beginning of Qin Shihuang's rule, he began to build cemeteries. After the reunification of the country, he recruited more than 700,000 civilian workers to build the Lishan cemetery. Until his death at the age of 50, the cemetery was not completely completed, and Qin Ershi Hu Hai continued to build for two years, which took nearly 39 years. In 2 10 BC, Qin Shihuang died and was buried in Lishan Mountain. In 206 BC, Xiang Yu entered the customs and set fire to the Qin palaces such as Epang Palace, and the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was also burned. Although the original building has been destroyed, the remains can still be seen. There are many sites around the cemetery, and now we know: buried tomb, stable pit, stone processing factory, immigrant cemetery, martyrs pit, terracotta warriors pit and Guo Tongma pit.
1in the spring of 974, local people dug up large pottery figurines while drilling wells. After drilling and trial excavation by archaeologists, a huge Terracotta Warriors pit was discovered and named as Terracotta Warriors Pit No.1.. Later, the No.2 and No.3 Terracotta Warriors pits were discovered one after another. The No.1 Terracotta Warriors Pit is 230 meters long from east to west and 62 meters wide from north to south, covering an area of about 14.260 square meters. To the east of the pit is a corridor 60 meters long from north to south and 3.45 meters wide from east to west. There are three rows of pottery figurines, 68 in each row, forming a horizontal team. Ten partition walls were rammed behind the horizontal line to divide the pit into eleven east-west holes. The south and north tunnels are relatively narrow, with two rows of figurines at each station. There are four rows of figurines in each of the nine holes in the middle, all of which are columns facing east. Pottery figurines can be divided into armor figurines and battle dress figurines according to different costumes. There is a wooden chariot (decayed) among the terracotta figures. There are four war horses in front of each chariot, and three armored figurines stand side by side behind the chariot. They are the first, riders and chariot riders. These terracotta figures are 1.75- 1.97 meters tall and are armed with weapons such as ge, spear, sword, bow and halberd. Ma Taogao 1.5 meters, 2 meters long. In recent years, five exploration sites have been excavated in No.1 pit, covering an area of about 2,000 square meters. A total of 65,438 0.087 pottery figurines, 32 pottery horses, 8 chariots and 3 drums have been unearthed. According to the arrangement density, more than 6,000 pottery figurines and horse figurines can be unearthed after the No.1 pit is fully excavated. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit No.2 is about 20 meters east of Pit No.1, and its plane is curved. The longest point from east to west 124 meters, the widest point from north to south is 98 meters, the depth is 5 meters and the area is about 6000 square meters. Divide the pit into four units with a partition wall. The second pit is dominated by chariots, and there are about 1.500 chariots, pottery horses and pottery figurines in the pit. Terracotta Warriors Pit No.3 is concave in plane, with a length of17.6m from east to west and a width of 4.8m from north to south, covering an area of about 520m. There are 68 terracotta figures and a chariot in the pit.
The arrangement of soldiers and figures in the pit of the terracotta warriors reflects the military establishment of China during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, especially during the Qin Dynasty. The first pit is dominated by chariots, and vehicles and infantry appear alternately: the second pit has more chariots and a certain number of riding, forming a joint formation of vehicles, walking and riding; The third pit seems to be the command organ.
The unearthed pottery figurines were shaped in the image of Qin Jun. Many pottery figurines give people the impression that they are tall, well-proportioned, lifelike and lifelike. Infantry figurines are mostly arranged separately, often in front of each military unit. Some people follow cars and bicycles, that is, "migrant workers". They listened attentively with bows and arrows, dressed in battle robes, and looked calm and alert. The armored terracotta warriors and horses riding in the same car all carry long weapons, so they are not tied, and their image is terrible. Cavalry figurines hold the reins in one hand and the bows in the other. They wore a small bun hat with colorful plum blossom-shaped scattered flowers on it, and hat bands were tied under their chins on both sides. Wearing short armor, tight pants and boots, he is brave and brave. The chariot is one of the ancient arms, and the Qin chariot is a single-axle convertible chariot. The ruler is in the middle. He is wearing heavy armor, his arms are protected by arm armor, he holds the reins, looks straight ahead, bends his back to support his legs, and looks absorbed and skilled in riding. The driver is divided into two sides, with one hand pressing the vehicle and the other holding the weapon. The crossbowman is an independent unit of migration and paddling, which occupies a prominent position in the Qin army. The crouching armor figure holds a bow and arrow, looks straight ahead and has a serious expression. It is a well-trained warrior image. The general's head is wearing a long swallow's tail crown, and his armor is fine, firm, calm and resolute, which fully embodies the general's demeanor of being battle-hardened and not afraid of strong enemies. Ma Tao is tall and energetic. Fat but not bloated, thin legs but not thin. Whether riding a horse or riding a horse, you should open your mouth, cut your mane and tie your tail, and lean your ears forward. It shows that they are alert, keen and strong horses.
The production technology of pottery figurines is also unique. Pottery makers and sculptors in Qin Dynasty fired these large-scale pottery figurines and horses by the methods of taking molds as the main method, combining molds, making them piece by piece, nesting them step by step, winding them in the kiln and painting them in the kiln. Most of the heads of pottery figurines are made of closed molds, the legs and bodies of pottery figurines are made of molded or clay strips, and the arms and hands are made of molded or handmade. For the production of every detail, it is carved one by one by means of molding, molding, kneading, pasting, engraving and painting. For example, the heads of pottery figurines are first molded into heads, then made into embryos, and then re-muddied to make eyes, noses, ears, mouths and beards. The tire body is also muddied again after the first tire is paved, made into clothes by hand, carved with a knife and stamped into nails. Ma Tao is also made by the method of clamping and folding. After the parts are made, they are fitted with sleeves, bonded with mud, fired in a kiln and painted after firing. The hands and faces of pottery figurines are pink, and their clothes are pink green, pink purple, dark green and ochre. The words "Gongjiang", "Xianyang", "Ducang", "Gong Xi", "Twenty" and "De" are also engraved on the pottery figurines. Some are the names of craftsmen under the management of the central pottery workshop, and some are the numbers.
The chariot in the pit is made of wood, which has decayed due to age, but the shaft, balance, chariot, wheel, stone and wheel hub all left clear traces in the soil. The copper parts of the car were preserved. Judging from the track in the pit, the car is a single axle with a length of 3.70-3.96 meters. The front end is raised and the rear end is pressed flat under the car. There is a horizontal rectangle with a poem in front and a door at the back. The height of the wheel is1.35m. There is a scale in front of the axle, and a double yoke is tied on the scale. Four horses are driving in front, and the driving equipment is complete. The whole body is painted, and in some places there are painted patterns. According to the size and decoration of the car body, it can be roughly divided into command car, auxiliary car, bus and general chariot.
A large number of metal weapons, including bronze swords, spears, halberds, beryllium, cymbals, Wu Gou, crossbows, arrows, arrowheads and arrowheads, were also unearthed in the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit, most of which were practical products at that time. These weapons are well-made, and some of them are extremely sharp, which shows that China's metallurgical manufacturing technology has reached a very high level more than 2,000 years ago.
Brief introduction to the exhibition hall of pit 1
The first pit is an east-west rectangular pit, 230 meters long and 62 meters wide, surrounded by five doorways. There are cloisters at the east and west ends of the pit, a cloister at the north and south sides, and nine east-west holes in the middle, which are separated by rammed earth walls. Chariots are the main body of this pit, and vehicles and infantry form a rectangular joint formation. The main body of the military array faces east, and there are rows of warriors facing outward in the south, north and west corridors, serving as wings and guards; Three rows of warriors in the east are pioneers. Inside the nine tunnels, there are huge chariots and infantry main forces. There are four rows of warriors in each tunnel, some in robes, some in armor, and chariots in the middle. There is a charioteer and two riders behind each chariot.
Yihaokeng exhibition hall
Shortly after the completion of the No.1 pit, the lower part of the earth partition beam softened, and the reason why the partition wall of No.1 pit is lower than the pottery figurines is precisely because of the water inflow.
The first Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit Ruins Museum started construction on 1976 and was completed and opened to the public on 1979 10. The hall is an arched steel frame structure, which is 230 meters long from east to west and 70 meters wide from north to south. The top of the main hall is 22 meters high from the bottom of the figurine pit, with a total construction area of 1.6 million square meters. Covering all the Terracotta Warriors and Horses No.1 in the ruins hall. There are good ventilation, lighting, temperature and humidity detection, fire prevention and anti-theft facilities to ensure the safety of cultural relics and relics.
Terracotta figures; Images of soldiers and horses)
Terracotta warriors and horses are mostly molded. First, make the first tire with ceramic mold, and then cover it with a layer of fine mud for processing, carving and coloring. Some are burned first and then connected, and some are connected first and then burned. Uniform heating, simple color and high hardness. The overall style of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang is vigorous, strong and handsome, and it is washed and practiced. If carefully observed, there are differences in face, hairstyle, posture and verve, from which we can see that Qin Bing comes from different regions, different nationalities and different personalities. Ma Tao pricked up his ears, some opened his mouth and screamed, others stood still with their mouths shut. All these terracotta warriors and horses of Qin Shihuang are full of touching artistic charm.
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located at the foot of Mount Li, which is more than 30 kilometers away. According to historical records, Ying Zheng, the first Qin Emperor, began to build a cemetery when he ascended the throne at the age of 13. Planning and design shall be presided over by Prime Minister Reese, and general Zhang Han shall supervise the construction. It took 38 years to build, and the project was huge and magnificent, which created a precedent for the luxurious burial of feudal rulers in previous dynasties. At that time, the total population of the Qin Dynasty was about 20 million, and the labor for building tombs reached 720,000. The spiritual household soil is taken from Sanliu village, 2000 meters south of the cemetery, to the county quarry, with multi-level loess cliffs, 5-25 meters high. A large amount of stone used to repair the cemetery was transported to Lintong by manpower from Zhongshan, Jun 'eshan and other places north of Weihe River. This project is very difficult. You can imagine the scale of the project. The dead bodies under Zhongshan Mountain and Jun 'e Mountain are all pieces, which shows the cruelty of the whole project from the side. It is also one of the "eight wonders of the world"!
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is 43 meters high, with a base circumference of 1.700 meters. It is made of double rammed earth walls inside and outside, symbolizing the imperial city and Miyagi in the capital. The inner city is slightly square with a circumference of 3890 meters. There are two doors in the north, and one door is opened on all three sides. The outer city is rectangular, with a circumference of 6294 meters and a door on each side. The mausoleum is located in the south of the cemetery.
The pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang is the burial pit of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, which is located at l 500 meters east of the cemetery. This used to be a cemetery, and local farmers found something similar to people when they dug graves. 1in March, 974, when the villagers in Xiyang village in Lingdong were fighting drought, they found a large pit of terracotta warriors and horses in the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang between Lisanxiahe village and Wula village in the east. After excavation by archaeologists, the treasure of Terracotta Warriors buried more than 2000 years ago was uncovered.
The burial pits of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang sit west to east, and the three pits are arranged in a zigzag pattern. The first pit of Terracotta Warriors was rectangular, with a length of 230m from east to west, a width of 62m from north to south and a depth of 5m, with a total area of14260m2. There are sloping doorways on all sides, and there are two terracotta warriors and horses pits on the left and right, which are now called pits No.2 and No.3. ..
The Terracotta Warriors Pit is the largest underground military museum in the world. Terracotta warriors and horses pits have reasonable layout and strange structure. At the bottom of the pit about 5 meters deep, an east-west bearing wall is set every 3 meters, and the terracotta warriors and horses are arranged in the holes between the walls.
More than 500 warrior figures, 6 chariots and 24 war horses, as well as bronze weapons and ironware such as bronze swords, Wu Gou, spears, arrows, crossbows and bronze halberds were unearthed in pit 1. At the eastern end of the cave, there are 2 10 terracotta warriors and horses with different facial expressions, clothing styles and hairstyles, which are lifelike. They are arranged in three rows, with 70 people in each row. Except for three leaders wearing pin armour, the rest are all dressed in short brown, with their legs tied, without helmets, holding bows and arrows and crossbows. Later, it was the main force composed of 6,000 armored figurines, each armed with long weapons such as spears, daggers and halberds of about 3 meters, and separated 35 chariots from the east to the west with 38 columns 1 1. There are a row of warrior figures on the north and south sides and at both ends, which look like guards to prevent the side tail from being attacked. This team is uniform, well-equipped, powerful and magnificent, which is the artistic representation of the mighty army of Qin Shihuang in previous dynasties and has a strong artistic appeal.
Pit No.2 is located in the northeast of Pit No.1 and the east of Pit No.3. It is square, 96 meters long from east to west and 84 meters wide from north to south, with a total area of about 6,000 square meters. The buildings in the pit are the same as those in the No.1 pit, but the arrangement is more complicated and the arms are more complete. It is the most spectacular military array in the three pits. Pit 2 has an exhibition hall of 1.7 million square meters, which is the largest and most well-preserved exhibition hall of modern sites in China. Yuan, director of the Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum, explained: "First of all, in order to better protect cultural relics, and secondly, it takes at least five to seven years to clear the entire army array from the ground. The advantage of this is that tourists can not only visit the local features of the second pit, but also see the excavation work of the second pit with their own eyes. "
According to preliminary calculation, there are more than 300 pottery figurines 1300, more than 80 chariots and tens of thousands of bronze weapons in pit 2, among which general figurines, pommel horse figurines and bow-shooting figurines are found for the first time. There are four inclined doors at the east and west ends of the second pit, and two inclined doors at the north. The statue pit is located in the west and the main entrance is in the east. The layout in the pit is divided into four units.
The first unit is located at the eastern end of the figurine pit, with 60 vertical crossbow figurines in the surrounding corridor, and the array center is composed of 160 crossbow figurines east of Badao Road. The crossbowman adopts the arrangement of stretching array in the array, and takes turns shooting when standing and kneeling to avoid the danger of slow tension.
The second unit, located on the right side of the pit, consists of 64 chariots (chariots are made of wood, leaving only relics). 8 times per column, * * * 8 columns. There are four horse-sized terracotta warriors and horses in front of the car. Behind each car, there are three soldiers and figures. In the middle is the charioteer Lamar, and the other two are standing on the left and right sides of the car, armed with long-handled weapons.
The third unit, located in the middle, consists of 19 chariot, 264 infantry figurines and 8 knight figurines, and is divided into three columns. In front of each horse stood a small statue of a knight, holding the reins in one hand and the bow in the other. In addition to the three riders, there are 8~36 infantry figurines after each ride.
The fourth unit, located on the left side of the army array, consists of 108 knight figures and 180 pottery pommel horse figures arranged in 1 1 row to form a rectangular cavalry array. Among them, 1 and 3 are listed as 6 chariots. In front of each horse, there stands a knight figurine in Hufu, holding the horse in his right hand and holding a bow in his left hand.
The No.3 pit is located at the western end of No.1 pit 25 meters, with an area of about 520 square meters and a concave shape. There is a chariot in front of the door, in which there are 68 warriors. Judging from the layout of the No.3 pit, it seems to be the general headquarters, commanding the left, right and middle armies, but it was not built.
There are no terracotta figures in the fourth pit, only backfill soil.
Judging from the layout and formation of the two pits, the formation of the two pits is complex and the arms are complete, which is the backbone of the confrontation. In Sun Tzu's art of war, this grouping method is called "large array with small array, large camp with small camp, even falling with hooks, bending around". "Sun Bin's Art of War" said: "People who ride a war can be divided into three parts, one on the right, one on the left, one who is easy to ride many cars, one who rides many risks and one who is wide." Only the organic combination of the three can win every battle. The second pit is the theoretical map of this ancient strategist.
Judging from the carved years of weapons unearthed from the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit was built before and after Qin Shihuang unified China. Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries and unified the world with his skills of "breaking clouds with a sword" and "rough driving ahead of others" Terracotta warriors and horses reflect the momentum of the Qin dynasty and make Mazhuang stronger. After the death of Qin Shihuang, Qin Ershi Hu Hai succeeded to the throne and continued to overhaul Epang Palace and Chidao. The tax corvee was heavier than before, which led to the peasant uprising. In this form, the third pit was cut off in the middle, and the fourth pit was hastily filled before the Terracotta Warriors were put in. Traces of fire were found in the excavation, which may be related to the burning of Epang Palace by the King of Chu.
196 1 year, the people of China and the State Council designated the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor as a national key cultural relics protection unit. From 65438 to 0987, the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang and the Terracotta Warriors Pit were approved by UNESCO to be included in the World Heritage List. In the arched exhibition hall built on the site of the No.1 pit of Terracotta Warriors, the "Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang" was set up, which is open to Chinese and foreign tourists. On May 8, 2007, Xi 'an Qin Shihuang Terracotta Warriors Museum was officially approved by the National Tourism Administration as a national 5A-level tourist attraction.
Things have changed, and the majestic terracotta warriors and horses have been silent for thousands of years. Today in the twentieth century, with the unremitting exploration of generations of archaeologists, the ancient terracotta warriors and horses have been given new life and moved towards new glory.
There are more than 8,000 terracotta warriors and horses, and the scale is very grand.
The Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang is located in the east of Lintong County, 37 kilometers away from Xi. It is a national key cultural relics protection unit.
1974, three buried terracotta warriors and horses pits were discovered on the east side of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, and they were excavated and protected one after another. The three pits are zigzag, with a total area of 22,780 square meters. There are about 7400 terracotta figures and horses in the pit, which are the same size as real horses. These three pits were named Terracotta Warriors Pit No.1, No.2 and No.3 respectively.
Pit No.1 is the largest, with a depth of 5m and an area of14260m2. There are more than 6,000 Ren Tao Ma Tao in the pit, arranged in a neat and orderly circular square. At the eastern end of the pit, there are three rows of warrior figures with crossbows and long-range weapons, which seem to be forward troops, followed by a main force composed of 6,000 armored figures, with long weapons such as spears and halberds, arranged in 38 rows in the 1 1 cave, with 35 chariots of Xu. Guards on the north and south wings.
The Terracotta Warriors Pit No.2 is a square foot with an area of 6,000 square meters. It is a large military array composed of cavalry, infantry, crossbowmen and chariots. It can be roughly divided into four relatively independent units: crossbowman phalanx, Xu Zhanma phalanx, Chebu and cavalry phalanx, and cavalry phalanx. * * * There are 1300 terracotta figures and horses, more than 80 chariots and a large number of metal weapons.
Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit No.3 is concave in plane, covering an area of about 520 square meters. Together with Pit 1 and Pit 2, it seems to be the headquarters of the three armed forces, with 68 pottery figurines and 4 horses 1 vehicle unearthed.
The Terracotta Warriors Museum is the largest ancient military museum in China. After the terracotta warriors and horses were excavated and opened to the outside world, they caused a sensation in the world. 1978 former French prime minister Jacques Chirac said after his visit: "There are seven wonders in the world, and the discovery of Qin figurines can be said to be eight." If you don't look at the pyramids, you won't be in Egypt, and if you don't look at the Terracotta Warriors, you won't be in China. "Since then, the Terracotta Warriors have been hailed as the eighth wonder of the world.
1974, an underground building and pottery figurines were found in Xiyang Village, Lintong County, Shaanxi Province, located at 1 km east of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor. This is the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Qin Mausoleum, which shocked the world and was called "the eighth wonder of the world".
There are three terracotta warriors and horses pits in the Qin Mausoleum, which are arranged in a zigzag pattern. Pit 1 is an infantry unit, with a length of 230m from east to west, a width of 62m from north to south, a depth of 5m and an area of14220m. This was dug by a farmer while digging a well. Pit 2, square, with an area of 5,000m2, is a multi-arm special force composed of cavalry, chariots and infantry (including crossbowmen). Pit No.3 is concave, with an area of 520 m2. It seems to be the command organ of the commanders-in-chief of Pit No.1 and Pit No.2. There are more than 7,000 terracotta warriors and horses, 100 chariots, 400 terracotta warriors and horses and hundreds of thousands of weapons in the three pits.
The Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses are magnificent and orderly, showing Qin Jun's organizational system, weapons and equipment, and the appearance of ancient wars. Qin terracotta warriors and horses are all made of simulated people and real horses. The height of the pottery figurines is1.75m ~1.95m. Most of them are shaped according to the image of soldiers in Qin Jun, and they are tall and well-balanced. Pottery figurines are divided into infantry figurines, cavalry figurines, chariot figurines, crossbowmen figurines, general figurines and so on. Infantry figurines wear battle robes and carry bows and arrows on their backs; Most of the cavalry figurines are armed with Xinjiang ropes and bows and arrows, dressed in short armor, tight pants and long riding boots, ready to mount at any time; There are two kinds of chariot figurines: the commander is in the middle, driving the chariot, and the sergeant protects the commander in two rows of chariots. The crossbowman stretches his bow and arrow, stares ahead, or stands or kneels; Generally speaking, the figurines are very cultured, showing the general style of not being surprised when getting cold feet. Ma Taogao 1.5 meters, 2 meters long. He is burly and muscular. He stands with his head held high, his mane flying and his expression alert and agile. All horses are like horses galloping on the battlefield. All these show that Qin Shihuang had a great influence in the four seas, unified the magnificent military capabilities of the six countries, and showed a very high plastic arts, which is a unique treasure house of culture and art in the world.
196 1 year, the people of China and the State Council designated the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor as a national key cultural relics protection unit. From 65438 to 0987, the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang and the Terracotta Warriors Pit were approved by UNESCO to be included in the World Heritage List. In the arched exhibition hall built on the site of the No.1 pit of Terracotta Warriors, the "Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang" was set up, which is open to Chinese and foreign tourists.