Tempering principle
Tempered glass is also called tempered glass. It uses physical or chemical methods to form a laminated stress layer on the glass surface, and the glass itself has high compressive strength and will not cause damage. When the glass is subjected to external force, this pressure layer can offset part of the tensile stress, thus preventing the glass from breaking. Although the inside of tempered glass is in a state of great tensile stress, there are no defects in the glass, which will not cause damage, so as to improve the strength of glass. [3] Tempered glass is a secondary product of flat glass, and the processing of tempered glass can be divided into physical tempering and chemical tempering. Physical tempered glass is also called quenched tempered glass. When the ordinary flat glass is heated to the softening temperature (600℃) of the glass in the heating furnace, the internal stress is eliminated by its own deformation, and then the glass is moved out of the heating furnace, and then high-pressure cold air is blown to both sides of the glass with multi-head nozzles, so that it can be quickly and uniformly cooled to room temperature, and tempered glass can be made. This kind of glass is in a stress state of internal tension and external pressure. Once damaged locally, the stress will be released and the glass will be broken into countless small pieces. These small pieces have no sharp edges and corners, so they are not easy to hurt people. Chemical tempered glass is to improve the strength of glass by changing the chemical composition of the glass surface, and is generally tempered by ion exchange method. In this method, silicate glass containing alkali metal ions is immersed in molten lithium (Li+) salt, so that Na+ or K+ ions on the glass surface are exchanged with Li+ ions, and a Li+ ion exchange layer is formed on the surface. Because the expansion coefficient of Li+ is smaller than that of Na+ and K+ ions, the outer layer shrinks less while the inner layer shrinks more during cooling. When the glass is cooled to normal temperature, it will also be stretched in the inner layer. Tempered glass has high strength, and its compressive strength can reach more than 125MPa, which is 4 ~ 5 times larger than that of ordinary glass. The impact strength is also high. When measured by steel ball method, 0.8kg steel ball falls from the height of 1.2m, and the glass can be kept intact. Toughened glass is much more elastic than ordinary glass. A piece of tempered glass with 1 200 mm× 350 mm× 6 mm can have a bending deflection of 100mm after being stressed. When the external force is removed, it can still be restored to its original state, while the bending deformation of ordinary glass can only be a few millimeters. Thermal stability is good, and it is not easy to crack when it is quenched and heated, which is another feature of tempered glass. This is because the compressive stress of tempered glass can offset part of the tensile stress caused by rapid cooling and rapid heating. Tempered glass is resistant to thermal shock, the maximum safe working temperature is 288℃, and it can withstand the temperature difference change of 204℃. Tempered glass is widely used in construction engineering, transportation and other fields because of its good mechanical properties and thermal stability. Flat tempered glass is often used as doors and windows, partitions, curtain walls, windows and furniture of buildings, while curved glass is often used in cars, trains and airplanes. It should be noted that tempered glass cannot be cut and polished, and the corners cannot be bumped and squeezed. Need to choose according to the ready-made size specifications or put forward specific design drawings for processing and customization. The glass used in large-area glass curtain wall should be controlled when tempered, and semi-tempered glass should be selected, that is, its stress should not be too large to avoid self-explosion due to vibration caused by wind load. According to the different original glass plates used, it can be made into ordinary tempered glass, endothermic tempered glass, colorful tempered glass, tempered hollow glass and so on.
(2) Anti-theft glass with wire mesh
Barbed wire glass product display
Late at night, from a Bo (bó) museum displaying precious calligraphy and painting, an alarm suddenly came. The police came immediately and caught a suspect (xián) who tried to cut the glass theft (qiè) exhibit. You may not believe it, but the broken glass didn't call the police! This is a special kind of glass with a very fine metal mesh inside. The barbed wire is connected to the power supply and the automatic alarm. The suspect cut the glass and hit the barbed wire, and the alarm sounded. This kind of glass is called "wire mesh anti-theft glass" and can be used in museums, banks, jewelry stores and buildings where important drawings and documents are stored. Laminated glass is also called shatterproof glass or steel wire glass. It is produced by calendering method, that is, in the molten state of glass, the preheated steel wire or steel wire mesh is pressed into the middle of glass and annealed and cut. The surface of wire-lined glass can be embossed or polished, and the color can be made colorless, transparent or colored. Laminated glass is characterized by good safety and fire resistance. Due to the skeleton function of steel wire mesh, not only the strength of glass is improved, but also the fragments will not fly away when damaged by impact or sudden temperature change, thus avoiding the damage of fragments to people. In case of fire, when the flame is prolonged and the laminated glass is cracked by heat, the glass can still be fixed and isolated from the flame due to the role of wire mesh, so it is also called fire-proof glass. According to the national industry standard JC433-9 1, the thickness of glass lining is divided into 6, 7 and 10mm, and the specifications are generally not less than 600mm×400mm and not more than 2000 mm× 1200 mm ... At present, laminated glass produced in China is divided into laminated embossed glass and laminated polished glass. Laminated glass can be used in doors and windows, skylights, lighting roofs, balconies and other building parts.
(3) laminated glass
Laminated glass
Laminated glass is a flat or curved composite glass product made of PVB resin film between two or more original glass sheets by heating and pressure bonding. The original sheet of laminated glass can be ordinary flat glass, float glass, tempered glass, colored glass, heat absorbing glass or heat reflecting glass. There are 2, 3, 5 and 7 layers of laminated glass, with a maximum of 9 layers. For two layers of laminated glass, the original thickness is (mm): 2+3, 3+3, 3+5, etc. [4] The laminated glass has good transparency, and its impact resistance is several times higher than that of ordinary flat glass. It can be made of multiple layers of ordinary glass or tempered glass. Because of the adhesion of PVB film, even if the glass is broken, the fragments will not fly out and hurt people. By using different original glasses, laminated glass can also have durability, heat resistance and moisture resistance. With high safety, laminated glass is generally used as doors and windows, skylights, windows and partitions of shops, banks and jewelry in high-rise buildings.
(4) Titanium glass
Titanate glass is also called armored foil glass that never breaks. It is a new type of glass, which closely combines titanium-gold foil film on any glass substrate. Titanate glass has the functions of high compression resistance, high heat resistance and ultraviolet protection. Different base glasses and different titanium foils can be combined into titanium glasses with different colors, properties and specifications. The common colors of titanium glass are: colorless and transparent, dark brown, dark brown reflection, copper reflection and so on.
good glass
Traditional glass is mainly used for architectural lighting. With the increase of the size of building doors and windows, people's requirements for the thermal insulation performance of doors and windows are also improved accordingly. Energy-saving decorative glass is a kind of glass that can meet this requirement and integrate energy-saving and decorative functions. Energy-saving decorative glass usually has a pleasant appearance color, but also has the special ability to absorb, transmit and reflect light and heat. The use of glass curtain wall of building external wall windows can play a significant energy-saving effect and has been widely used in various advanced buildings. Energy-saving decorative glass commonly used in buildings includes heat-absorbing glass, heat-reflecting glass and insulating glass.
(5) heat-absorbing glass
Heat absorbing glass is a kind of flat glass, which can absorb a lot of infrared radiation energy and maintain a high visible light transmittance. There are two methods to produce heat-absorbing glass: one is to add a certain amount of colorant with heat-absorbing performance to the raw materials of ordinary soda-lime silicate glass; The other is to spray one or more metal or metal oxide films on the surface of flat glass. The heat-absorbing glasses are gray, brown, blue, green, bronze, bronze, pink and golden yellow. At present, China mainly produces the first three colors of heat-absorbing glass. There are four kinds of thickness: 2, 3, 5 and 6mm. The heat-absorbing glass can also be further processed into polished, toughened, laminated or insulating glass. If you install this kind of glass at home, you won't be afraid of the heat. Compared with ordinary flat glass, endothermic glass has the following characteristics: [5] 1. Absorb solar radiation heat. For example, the total heat transfer rate of 6mm thick transparent float glass in sunlight is 84%, while the total heat transfer rate of heat absorbing glass under the same conditions is 60%. Different colors and thicknesses of heat-absorbing glass have different degrees of absorption of solar radiation heat. 4. Absorb the visible light of the sun, weaken the intensity of sunlight, and play the role of anti-glare. 3. It has certain transparency and can absorb certain ultraviolet rays. 4. Cold air can be blocked in winter and hot air can be blocked in summer, making indoor cities warm in winter and cool in summer. Because of these characteristics, heat-absorbing glass has been widely used in doors and windows, exterior walls of buildings and windshields of cars and ships, and has the functions of heat insulation, glare prevention, lighting and decoration.
(6) Heat reflective glass
Heat reflective glass is a kind of flat glass with strong heat reflective ability and good light transmittance. It is formed by plating gold, silver, copper, aluminum, chromium, nickel, iron and other metals or metal oxide films on the glass surface by pyrolysis, vacuum evaporation, cathode sputtering and other methods, or replacing the original ions on the glass surface with metal ions by electro-flotation plasma exchange method. Heat reflective glass, also known as mirror glass, has many colors such as gold, brown, gray, purple, brown, bronze, light blue and so on. Heat-reflective glass has a high thermal reflectivity, for example, the total reflection heat of 6mm thick float glass is only 16%, while under the same conditions, the total reflection heat of heat-absorbing glass is 40%, and the total reflection heat of heat-reflective glass can be as high as 6 1%, so it is often used to make hollow glass or laminated glass to improve its thermal insulation performance. Thermal reflective glass coated with metal film also has the function of one-way image transmission, that is, you can see the outdoor scenery indoors during the day, but you can't see the indoor scene outdoors. These new types of glass bring a lot of convenience to our life and make our life healthier and happier. Let's wait for more new glass to make a grand appearance!
(7) Dimming glass
According to the similarities and differences of control methods and principles, dimming glass can be switched between transparent and opaque States by various means such as electric control, temperature control, light control and pressure control. Due to various conditions, almost all the mass-produced dimming glasses on the market are electronically controlled dimming glasses. The principle of electrically controlled dimming glass is well understood: when the power supply of electrically controlled products is turned off, the liquid crystal molecules in the electrically controlled dimming glass will be irregularly dispersed, so that light cannot enter, and the electrically controlled glass will appear opaque; After electrifying, the liquid crystal molecules inside are arranged neatly and light can penetrate freely. At this time, the electrically controlled liquid crystal glass is transparent. [6] point of view; After electrifying, the liquid crystal molecules inside are arranged neatly and light can penetrate freely. At this time, the electrically controlled liquid crystal glass is transparent.
(8) LED glass
LED glass [7] is the perfect combination of LED light source and glass, which breaks through the traditional concept of building decoration materials. The pattern can be designed in glass in advance, and the controllable change can be realized by DMX full digital intelligent technology in the later stage, and the brightness and change of LED[8] light source can be controlled freely. On the other hand, the inside is made of completely transparent wire, which is different from ordinary metal wire, and there is no grain on the glass surface; After special treatment in the later period, both technical requirements and safety requirements have reached the relevant national certification standards [Note: Because the new product has no original classification, it conforms to the characteristics of building safety glass, and has certain lighting and energy-saving characteristics, and is recognized as an inspection-free product by the state. All products without national certification can not meet the building safety glass standards, and there are great safety hazards in the project. Please refer to Reference 6: Relevant technical parameters of 6LED glass patent certificate and European standards.