Because the intestines of chickens are short, the food stays in the intestines for a short time. Generally, the nutrition in the feed that eats clouds can only be absorbed by about 30%, and most of it is excreted through the rectum. The nutrients contained in chicken manure and pigeon manure vary with the feed ingested by chickens. Generally speaking, the total energy of chicken manure and pigeon manure per kilogram of dry matter is 13.4 ~ 18.8 kj, and its nitrogen content is 30 ~ 70g. According to the analysis of Beijing Feed Research Institute and other units.
Chicken manure and pigeon manure also contain nitrogen-containing non-protein compounds in the form of uric acid and ammoniated compounds, which are suitable for ruminants. The amino acids in pigeon droppings are also relatively balanced. Every kilogram of pigeon manure contains 5.4 grams of lysine, 8 grams of cystine 1.8 and 5.3 grams of threonine, all exceeding the contents of corn, sorghum, bean cake and cottonseed. In addition, it also contains B vitamins, especially vitamin B 12, and various trace elements. 1000 chickens 1 year, which is equivalent to the crude protein content in 25 tons of peas. Each chicken produces an average of 4 1.4 kg of fresh manure every year, and every 10,000 chickens produce an average of 4 14 tons of fresh manure every year. According to the statistics of China 165438+ 10, the number of chickens raised is 65.438+0.44 billion (excluding free-range chickens), with an average daily output of 0. The annual output of fresh chicken manure and pigeon manure in China is 59.62 million tons, and the dry chicken manure and pigeon manure19.73 million tons. If it is used as feed, it can save 2.96 million tons of concentrate such as wheat flour, equivalent to about 654.38+09 billion yuan.
With the development of animal husbandry, chicken manure and pigeon manure have been treated and sold as commercial feed abroad. Japan reported the patent of deodorizing and sterilizing boiled chicken manure and pigeon manure for pigs. In Israel, chicken manure and pigeon manure bedding grass have been widely used to feed beef cattle. In Germany and the United States, 20% ~ 30% fermented chicken manure and pigeon manure are commonly used to feed cattle and sheep with oats and corn flour. 20% of feed consumption in Japan is chicken manure and pigeon manure, and Canada consumes more than 654.38+00000 tons of chicken manure and pigeon manure every year. Chicken manure and pigeon manure were used to feed pigs in some places in China in the early 1960 s, but the research on chicken manure and pigeon manure as feed has just begun, but it is very active Huang Qixian of Northwest Agricultural University reported that 14% fresh dried chicken manure and pigeon manure were used instead of diet to fatten pigs. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the ratio of meat to feed and daily gain between the experimental group and the control group (P & gt0.05), and good economic benefits were achieved. Gansu Institute of Grassland Ecology used 15% semi-dry lactic acid to ferment chicken manure and pigeon manure instead of pig feed to fatten pigs. The experimental results showed that there was no significant difference in meat feed ratio and daily gain between the experimental group and the control group (P & gt0.05), and its economic benefits were considerable.
Chicken manure and pigeon manure are cheap low-energy feeds. Especially in modern protein, where feed is expensive and energy feed is cheap, replacing part of protein feed with chicken manure and pigeon manure to supplement energy feed is economical and practical, which can greatly improve the economic benefits of animal husbandry and aquaculture, reduce pollution and purify the environment.
Second, the fermentation method of chicken manure and pigeon manure
There are many ways to process and utilize chicken manure and pigeon manure, but the fermentation method is low in cost, easy to popularize, and can improve the nutritional value of chicken manure and pigeon manure, so it is widely valued.
Chicken manure and pigeon manure contain a lot of protein. Taking pigeon manure as an example, the crude protein content is about 23.75%. However, monogastric animals (such as pigs and poultry) can digest protein. ) Only 8.3% were directly fed with chicken manure and pigeon manure, and the rest 15.45% crude protein could not be utilized. The metabolic energy is 7535 kJ/kg. Therefore, the nutritional value of chicken manure and pigeon manure as feed for monogastric animals is obviously too low. The protein digestibility of ruminants fed with chicken manure and pigeon manure is much higher, because rumen microorganisms can use organic acids (about 35%) in chicken manure and pigeon manure as energy to convert crude proteins that animals can't use into usable bacterial proteins. Therefore, in order to improve the nutritional value of chicken manure and pigeon manure, the digestibility of crude protein must be improved. The best way is to create a rumen-like condition, process chicken manure and pigeon manure and ferment them under certain humidity and anaerobic conditions, so as to achieve this goal. It is best to treat the discharged chicken manure and pigeon manure within 24 hours to prevent the chicken manure and pigeon manure from rotting and reduce their nutritional value. The fermentation method of chicken manure and pigeon manure is as follows.
Fermentation method of natural silage
The principle and manufacture of this method are the same as those of the conventional silage method. Chicken manure and pigeon manure silage containers can be tanks, ponds or silage towers. Here are some recipes. (1) Mix chicken manure and pigeon manure 70%, forage or straw powder 20% and bran 10% in proportion until the water content reaches about 60% (water can be seen without dropping water), and then put them in a pool (cellar) and seal them for 4-6 weeks. After silage fermentation, chicken manure and pigeon manure are yellow-green in shape and smell of distiller's grains, which pigs like to eat. No pathogenic bacteria were found after pathological quarantine. (2) Mix fresh chicken manure, pigeon manure and bran with crushed barley grains at a ratio of 3: 2 or half, control the water content at about 50%, put them in a silage cellar, seal and ferment, keep the temperature above 5℃, and open the cellar for later use after 20-40 days. This silage is a mixture of straw and hay, and has good palatability. ⑶ Mixed silage of chicken manure and pigeon manure: Before collecting chicken manure and pigeon manure, the straw mat should be cut to a length of about 5 cm, and the mixture of straw mat, chicken manure and pigeon manure should be directly silaged and fermented for cattle. However, it should be noted that the type and quantity of bedding grass selected should meet the needs of cattle. ⑷ The silage fermentation method of chicken manure pigeon manure introduced by Japanese data: using chicken manure pigeon manure (dry chicken manure pigeon manure is wet, semi-dry chicken manure pigeon manure is better), grass, bean cake, rice bran and glume (promoting fermentation), pressing stones for lactic acid fermentation, and it can be used after 3 ~ 5 weeks. The prepared feed has improved palatability and absorption rate, and is suitable for feeding adult chickens, fattening pigs and breeding sows.
The second koji fermentation method 3 (1) Xiangfan Institute of Biochemistry isolated and screened a P2 strain suitable for fermenting pigeon manure from moldy chicken manure in chicken farm. Initially identified as Aspergillus oryzae, aflatoxin B 1 was not produced by determination. The yeast produced by this strain contains 5.5-6 billion spores per gram of dry yeast, which is yellow and has strong fermentation ability. Chicken manure and pigeon manure fermented by this starter have pure smell, with crude protein content above 29%, reducing sugar above 3.5% and total free amino acids 3.5 times higher. The feeding experiment showed that the pigs fattened with 30% of this fermented chicken manure and pigeon manure grew fast and had strong disease resistance, and the ratio of meat to feed was 1: 3.34, which was not significantly different from that of pigs fed with compound feed (P & gt0.05). ⑵ Fresh chicken manure and pigeon manure 70%, wheat bran 10%, rice bran 15% and distiller's yeast powder 5%, add appropriate amount of water, mix them thoroughly, put them in a cellar (can) for closed fermentation for 48-72 hours, and then feed them.
This is a fermentation method of chicken manure and pigeon manure introduced by the delegation of SmithKline Company of the United States during its visit to China. The brief description is as follows: firstly, a rectangular steel mesh with a length of 9.42 meters and a width of 2.6 meters is made, and then its two ends are connected by bolts to form a cylinder with a diameter of 3 meters and a height of 2.6 meters, which is placed on a flat ground. The inner wall of the steel mesh tube is lined with plastic film. After being filled with chicken manure and pigeon manure, the top is covered with plastic film to avoid air permeability, but suction holes should be left. Smoke three times a day for four days, and then let it ferment naturally. The principle of vacuum fermentation is the same as silage fermentation, which is to artificially create an anaerobic environment for lactic acid to grow, reproduce and ferment.
There are two points to note: First, the water content of chicken manure and pigeon manure (with straw, sawdust and other padding) should be kept at about 35% (32% ~ 38%). If the water content is too high, it will become too sour, and if the water content is too low, the fermentation cannot be carried out normally. Therefore, the water content of chicken manure and pigeon manure should be determined before loading, and water should be added appropriately when the water is insufficient; If the water content is too high, you can add bran to adjust it. Second, the fermentation time varies with temperature. In temperate and subtropical regions, it usually takes 3 months in winter and 1 month in summer. The fermentation situation can be judged by measuring its internal temperature: at the initial stage of fermentation, due to the heat generated by bacterial activities, the temperature can gradually increase, and the highest internal temperature can reach about 83℃, and then it will not increase again. When the internal temperature is equal to the external temperature, it proves that the fermentation has stopped, and the bolt can be opened to take out the chicken manure and pigeon manure for later use. Chicken manure and pigeon manure biogas fermented feed. Jiangsu Biogas Research Institute uses fermented products of chicken manure and pigeon manure as pig feed additives, which has obvious economic benefits. The specific method is: add a vertical agitator to a 3 cubic meter common hydraulic biogas digester and transform the fermentation device. From feeding to the end, it took 192 days, the total solid content of chicken manure and pigeon manure was 1003 kg, and the gas production was 370.6 cubic meters. The maximum daily gas production is 4.0 m3, the average daily gas production is 1.93 m3, and the average gas production of tank capacity is 0.64 m3/(m3? Day), the total solid gas production rate per kilogram is 0.37 cubic meters, the feeding concentration is 10%, the raw material digestibility is 65%, and the methane content is 54%. It shows that high-level gas production can be obtained by using chicken manure and pigeon manure as fermentation raw materials. Five methods of EM bacteria fermentation of chicken manure and pigeon manure Huang Yude (1997) reported the method and effect of feeding dairy cows with chicken manure and pigeon manure fermented by EM bacteria liquid, and now the fermentation method will be introduced later. 1 (1) Collection of chicken manure and pigeon manure: In order to facilitate the cleaning of chicken manure and pigeon manure, wheat bran, rice bran or grass powder are used as padding under the cage frame of chicken house, and the ratio of padding to chicken manure and pigeon manure is about 3: 2, so that the water content of the mixture of chicken manure and pigeon manure is about 35%. The collected chicken manure and pigeon manure must be fresh chicken manure and pigeon manure without epidemic disease, and the best cleaning and fermentation effect can be achieved on the same day, and the latest in summer. EM fermentation has poor effect on chicken manure and pigeon manure fed with large doses of additives for a long time.
⑵ dosage and preparation method of EM stock solution: mix 500 kg of chicken manure and pigeon manure padding mixture, 400 ml of EM stock solution and 400 g of brown sugar. The specific operation method is as follows: firstly, determine the amount of chicken manure and pigeon manure to be treated, and calculate the amount of EM stock solution and brown sugar in proportion. Dissolve brown sugar with a small amount of warm water at about 50℃, then dilute it with appropriate amount of cold water, then add the required EM stock solution, and add 5% of chicken manure and pigeon manure and filler. ⑶ EM fermentation treatment of chicken manure and pigeon manure: put the cleaned chicken manure and pigeon manure into fermentation tank in layers. Small chicken farms can be treated with tanks, each layer is 20 cm thick, and each layer is evenly sprayed with EM diluent in proportion. The moisture content of fermented chicken manure and pigeon manure padding is generally about 40%. Spray EM diluent every 20 cm thick layer of chicken manure and pigeon manure, repeat the operation until it is full, and seal it with plastic sheets for fermentation.
⑷ Visual observation of EM fermentation of chicken manure and pigeon manure: At room temperature, EM fermentation of chicken manure and pigeon manure can be completed in three days in summer and five to seven days in winter. After EM bacteria liquid fermentation, the smell of chicken manure pigeon manure was replaced by sour smell. When the plastic sheet was opened, the surface of fermented chicken manure pigeon manure was covered with white hyphae, which indicated that the fermentation was successful and could be used to feed cows.