The first is fabrication, so what is fabrication? The so-called fabrication is mainly based on one's own subjective imagination, rather than through experiments and investigations. In addition, it shows disrespect for scientific and experimental results, and fabricates arguments to support the correctness of a theory according to personal ideas. For example, in the case introduced, the Han Chunyu team voluntarily withdrew the manuscript because the scientific research community could not repeat its experimental results.
The second is tampering, so the main form of tampering is to modify the original experimental data according to your own expectations without respecting the experimental results. For example, in physics experiments, people modify the experimental results at will according to the theoretical values, but they don't respect the real results of the experiments.
The third kind of plagiarism, then plagiarism mainly refers to the act of copying other people's scientific research achievements and publishing them in their own name. It is usually manifested by quoting other people's academic thoughts and opinions without indicating the source. Of course, in the identification of plagiarism, it is difficult to distinguish plagiarism from reasonable citation, and some plagiarists often use "reasonable citation" as an excuse for plagiarism.
Reason:
In recent years, the phenomenon of fraud in colleges and universities in China is more serious. In the past 2009, academic scandals were frequently exposed, and academic corruption has spread to most academic fields. Yang Yusheng, a professor at China University of Political Science and Law, said that almost all universities in China have scholars suspected of academic fraud or corruption.
Professor Tang Anguo, an expert in higher education research and East China Normal University, pointed out that the academic environment is impetuous, some people lose their balance in the face of the temptation of fame and fortune, and some supervision systems are seriously lacking, which opens the door for them; In addition, in order to compete for rankings, it is generally difficult for schools to effectively audit scientific research projects and researchers.
Professor Xiong Bingqi, an expert on university issues, believes that the academic discipline of universities is not standardized or even standardized for a long time. On the one hand, for schools, dealing with academic misconduct may affect their image and their own political achievements; On the other hand, dealing with academic misconduct may involve many vested interests, including applying for projects and striving for funds;
In addition, the school learned that many teachers' misconduct was actually forced by various unreasonable quantitative indicators, including funding indicators, project indicators, thesis indicators, patent indicators, etc., which led to impetuousness and quick success. "Academic anomie in colleges and universities has its own moral reasons, but it is more due to the current academic system." Xiong Bingqi believes that it is more important to establish a system to reduce and prevent anomie in the whole education system.