What is anthocyanin? How does it help the human body? Thank you, everyone.

Anthocyanin is a water-soluble pigment, which can change color with the pH of cell fluid. Cell sap is red when it is acidic and blue when it is alkaline. Anthocyanin is one of the main pigments that constitute the color of petals and fruits. It is produced by phenylpropanoid pathway and flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. The factors that affect the coloration of anthocyanins include the structure, pH and coloration of anthocyanins. The color of pericarp is influenced by internal and external factors and cultivation techniques. Light can increase anthocyanin content; High temperature will degrade anthocyanins. Anthocyanin is a secondary metabolite of plants and plays an important role in physiology. The color of petals and fruits can attract animals to pollinate and spread seeds (Stintzinand and Carle, 2004). It is commonly found in the tissues of flowers and fruits, as well as in epidermal cells and lower epidermis of stems and leaves. The market price of some fruits is determined by the depth of color. Anthocyanin belongs to flavonoids in phenolic compounds. The basic structure consists of two benzene rings connected by a three-carbon unit (C6-C3-C6). Anthocyanins are produced through phenylpropionic acid pathway and flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, and are catalyzed by many enzymes. There are six aglycones, namely geraniol, cyanidin, delphinidin, paeoniflorin, petunia and mallow. Anthocyanins show different colors due to different hydroxyl groups (-OH), methylation, glycosylation, sugar types and connection positions (Fan, 1998). The expression of color is influenced by the changes of biochemical environmental conditions, such as anthocyanin concentration, color effect and pH value in fluid cells (Clifford, 2000). The aim is to understand the factors affecting anthocyanin biosynthesis and provide reference for field cultivation management. Orange and yellow are the functions of carotene. 19 10 found β -carotene in carrots, and then found two other isomers of carotene in * * * *, namely α, β and γ. β -carotene has been patented by 1958 (US2849495,1958 on August 26th, patentee: Hoffman Roche), which is mainly extracted from the ocean and can also be artificially synthesized. There are more than 300 different anthocyanins in nature. They come from different kinds of fruits and vegetables, such as purple sweet potato, blueberry, cranberry, blueberry, grape, elderberry red, blackcurrant, purple carrot and red cabbage, and their colors range from red to blue. These anthocyanins mainly include Delchindin, cyanidin, petunia and paeoniflorin. The color of anthocyanins changes with the change of PH, from raspberry red with PH 3 to dark blueberry red with PH 5. In most applications, these pigments have good light, heat and PH stability, and can withstand pasteurization and UHT heat treatment. Anthocyanins are widely used in beverages, sweets, jellies and jams. The color changes of purple sweet potato anthocyanins at different PH values are shown at the bottom right: the color changes of purple sweet potato anthocyanins at different PH values. In recent years, more and more people began to pay attention to the possible health benefits of anthocyanins as polyphenols. In the future, this characteristic of anthocyanins may be more and more used in functional food and health food. At present, there are mature anthocyanin products in the market, mainly including blueberry anthocyanin, blueberry anthocyanin, cranberry anthocyanin, elderberry anthocyanin, blackberry anthocyanin and black bean skin anthocyanin, with the content of 25% or 40%. Mr. Xue Xifeng of Xi 'an Tianyi Biotechnology Co., Ltd. made a detailed study on the extraction process, and started mass production of 25% anthocyanins at 200 1. [Edit this paragraph] The role of anthocyanins Anthocyanins widely exist in the tissues of purple sweet potato, grape, blood orange, red cabbage, blueberry, eggplant skin, cherry, red orange, raspberry, strawberry, mulberry, hawthorn skin, perilla, black (red) rice, morning glory and other plants. Anthocyanin brings many benefits to human body. Fundamentally speaking, anthocyanin is a powerful antioxidant, which can protect the human body from a harmful substance called free radicals. Anthocyanins can also enhance blood vessel elasticity, improve circulatory system and skin smoothness, inhibit inflammation and allergy, and improve joint flexibility. Some functions of anthocyanins are listed as follows: 1. It helps to prevent many diseases related to free radicals, including cancer, heart disease, premature aging and arthritis; 2. Reduce the occurrence of heart disease and stroke by preventing platelet aggregation caused by stress reaction and smoking; 3. Enhance the immune system to resist carcinogens; 4. Reduce the number of colds and shorten the duration; 5. It has antimutagenic effect, thus reducing the formation of carcinogenic factors; 6. It has anti-inflammatory effect, so it can prevent inflammation including arthritis and swelling; 7. Alleviate pollinosis and other allergies; 8. Enhance the elasticity of arteries, veins and capillaries; 9. Protect the inner wall of arterial blood vessels; 10. Maintain the normal elasticity of blood cells, help red blood cells pass through tiny capillaries, thus enhancing blood circulation throughout the body, bringing direct benefits to organs and systems in various parts of the body and enhancing cell vitality; 1 1. Relaxation of blood vessels promotes blood flow and prevents hypertension (antihypertensive effect); 13. Prevent the hypertension caused by angiotensin converting enzyme released by the kidney (another hypotensive effect); 14. As a barrier to protect brain cells, prevent the formation of amyloid β protein, glutamate toxicity and free radical attack, thus preventing Alzheimer's disease; 15. By inhibiting elastase and collagenase, the skin becomes smooth and elastic, and the skin is prevented from being damaged by excessive sun exposure from both inside and outside.