Albert Einstein was born in Malmo on March 65438, 0879. Both parents are Jewish. Father Herman Einstein is a small business owner who runs an electrical equipment factory with the help of relatives.
Einstein was a little slow when he was young. When he was four or five years old, he was not very talkative, and his performance in school was very general. At the age of 4, his father gave him a compass, which aroused his strong curiosity. He feels that there seems to be a mysterious force dominating the pointer, and this sense of surprise constitutes his initial motivation to explore things.
Although his parents didn't have any religious beliefs, Einstein believed in religion when he was young. At the age of 12, he realized that many stories in the Bible were not true in the process of reading popular science books. As a result, he terminated his religious belief and produced a truly fanatical free thought, which led to doubts about all authority.
Later, in the process of studying, he accepted his father's advice and realized that he had to get a university diploma before he could pursue a career, so he took the exam at the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland. His excellent math scores left a deep impression on people, but he failed the entrance examination because of other achievements. The president of the university suggested that he go to middle school for one year and then take the exam. He studied at Algard State Middle School in Arau for a year. 17 years old, finally admitted to Zurich Normal Department of Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, studying physics and mathematics. During this period, Einstein lived in distress, living on 100 Swiss francs funded by relatives every month. It also saved 20 Swiss francs to pay for the naturalization of Swiss citizens. 190 1 year, Einstein obtained Swiss nationality and graduated in the same year.
After graduation, he wanted to stay in school as a teaching assistant, but he was rejected. Later, he tried to seek a position as a teacher in a middle school or a technical school, but failed, so he had to be a tutor in a middle school and occasionally take a substitute class. 1902, with the help of his friend, he got a regular job-Patent examiners from the Patent Office in Bern, Switzerland. 1903 married, the bride is his classmate in Zurich-Serbian girl Mileva Mariqi.
The work of the patent office provided Einstein with reliable economic security, and the work was not heavy, which gave him a lot of free time to engage in research. Einstein was very satisfied with this, and even thought it was the most suitable way to engage in physics work-to engage in a career unrelated to physics and engage in research in his spare time.
Einstein learned from others and turned them into my advantage. He has been widely exposed to different cultures: the philosophical works of Newton, Ampere, Hume, Spinoza, Leibniz, Kant and Mach, as well as many ancient literary works, German classical music ... He has been assiduously drawing nutrition from these different cultures, but has never chosen one. For example, Mach's criticism of Newtonian mechanics inspired him, but Mach ignored theoretical thinking and denied the existence of atoms, which was always criticized by Einstein. Diversified cultural varieties and active cultural factors randomly collided in Einstein's mind, resulting in a new combination, so generate was innovated. Starting from 190 1, he began to publish his research results in the German scientific magazine Physical Yearbook. His research reached its peak in 1905.
That year, the physics yearbook published five of his papers. The first article, A New Method for Determining Molecular Size, won him a doctorate. The second chapter, about the generation and transmission of light and an enlightening point of view, successfully combines two contradictory optical theories, namely wave theory and particle theory, and boldly puts forward the quantization theory of light. This theory clarifies the long-standing theoretical confusion in optics and convincingly explains many puzzling experimental phenomena. It is worth mentioning that his research laid the foundation of quantum theory, and the wave-particle duality view derived from it was developed by another physicist, De Broglie of France, and became the most basic world view of physicists, which is one of the most important and basic concepts of modern physics. This achievement earned him the Nobel Prize of 1922. The third paper, Motion of Suspended Particles in Static Liquid Required by the Theory of Thermomolecular Motion, discusses the fluctuation phenomenon and clarifies the relationship between several very important physical constants that cannot be accurately measured. More importantly, Einstein's work dispelled theoretical doubts about the existence of molecules.
The above three papers are brilliant achievements, but they are eclipsed by the fourth one. This paper entitled "On Electrodynamics of Moving Objects" triggered a real revolution. At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a profound crisis in physics. There is an irreconcilable contradiction between Newtonian mechanics and classical electromagnetism, the two pillars of classical physics. In order to solve this fatal contradiction, many physicists have made arduous efforts, and some even put forward a plan that is very close to the correct idea. However, only Einstein keenly realized that the core of the contradiction lies in Newton's absolute view of time and space. Einstein thought that time and space are relative. He is challenging the concept that has bound mankind for thousands of years and the authority that has ruled the scientific community for nearly 300 years.
Einstein's theory discusses the physical phenomena in the coordinate system of uniform linear motion, which is called "special relativity" and has become the starting point of the physics revolution. In the following five papers, he further developed the theory of relativity, clarified the relationship between mass and energy, and revised the laws of conservation of mass and energy in classical physics, on which the utilization of atomic energy, including nuclear bombs, is based.
For a long time, the traditional concept of the universe has been subverted by one person! It is hard to imagine how surprised people will be when they come into contact with Einstein's brilliant theory! And it all came from a 26-year-old Patent examiners.
Einstein set off a frenzy in the scientific community, and his achievements laid the foundation for his academic career. 1908 was employed as a part-time lecturer at Berne University, and the following year as an associate professor at the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland. Before long, he was promoted to professor. 19 1 1 year, he accepted a professorship at the Deutschland University in Prague, Austria-Hungary. 19 13 years, Berlin asked him to be the director of the Institute of Physics of Emperor William, an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences and a professor at the University of Berlin. 19 14 He went to work in Germany and regained German citizenship.
Shortly thereafter, World War I broke out. The state machine mobilized all its forces to support this evil war. Einstein firmly adhered to the position of pacifism. He preached anti-war thoughts on various occasions and even joined the anti-war organization "New Motherland Alliance". Perhaps his academic prestige and "eccentric" reputation saved him, otherwise the master of science would have been executed as a destroyer. He was isolated by his colleagues and his marriage was on the verge of breaking up. Surprisingly, his greatest scientific achievement was born in a lonely situation.
Einstein thought that the special theory of relativity did not exhaust the truth. He was brave in innovation and kept making progress, and completed the general theory of relativity in 19 15. Logically speaking, this is an extension and generalization of special relativity, which extends the space-time transformation under uniform linear motion to the case of variable speed motion and gravitational field. This is Einstein's most brilliant achievement and the greatest discovery in the history of science. It profoundly and universally describes the state of the physical world, the core of which lies in the distortion of time and space under the action of gravity, and the variable-speed movement is attributed to the natural movement of distorted time and space. Einstein revolutionized the concepts of space-time, gravity, mass, motion and momentum, and the energy derived from them. Starting from a very simple logical assumption, he constructed a universal, unified and harmonious theory to describe the universe. It is this theory that has become the basis of modern physics.
The brilliance of science penetrated the noise of war. British scientists studied Einstein's theory carefully. According to the prediction of general relativity, light will be bent by the gravitational field near the star. The Royal Astronomical Society decided to make a decisive test of the enemy scientist's theory when the total solar eclipse occurred on May 29th of 19 19. Two expeditions carried out this plan, and the results were completely consistent with Einstein's prediction.
The success of the theory of relativity made Einstein a hero that attracted worldwide attention overnight. The profound theory that only a few people can understand makes him admired all over the world. Relativity and four-dimensional space-time are linked with Einstein's name and become household names. Universities all over the world awarded him the title of honorary professor, and he began to visit and give lectures all over the world on invitation. On his 50th birthday, he received thousands of gifts and numerous congratulatory letters, so the post office had to set up a mailbox specially for him.
Just when Einstein's fame was in full swing, the attack on him began. Shortly after the end of World War I, German anti-Semitic right-wingers rallied against the theory of relativity, and Einstein was viciously attacked and even his life was threatened. With the crazy expansion of Nazi forces, anti-Semitism and dehumanization of ethnic purification are also rampant. 1in the winter of 932, Einstein went to the United States to give lectures. On his way home, he learned that Hitler had seized power. Nazi forces swept through Germany, and the Third Reich brandished butcher knives to cleanse Jews in full swing. Einstein was homeless when he landed in the Belgian port.
Nazi Germany called Einstein a "Jewish international conspirator" and an "international conspirator made by * * * *", and launched an academic condemnation, offering a reward of 20,000 marks for his head. Einstein fought resolutely without fear. He flatly refused to "put in a good word" for the Nazis and publicly condemned fascism for destroying "all existing cultural values", which was a "state of insanity". He renounced his German nationality and withdrew from the Prussian Academy of Sciences. After a short stay in Europe, he boarded a ship to the United States and was hired as a professor at Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies.
Einstein died in Princeton at 1: 25 am on April 8, 2008. According to his will, there was no funeral, and there were no graves, monuments and memorial halls. But his cultural character has infinite value and charm, and has built an immortal monument in people's hearts.