(A) the concept of intangible assets
Intangible assets refer to identifiable non-monetary assets without physical form owned or controlled by geological prospecting units. Intangible assets usually include patent right, non-patented technology, trademark right, copyright, franchise, land use right and so on. The current accounting system of geological prospecting units also manages geological achievements as intangible assets.
1. patent right
Patent right refers to the exclusive right granted by the State Patent Administration to the applicant to enjoy the invention-creation patent within the statutory time limit, including invention patent right, utility model patent right and design patent right. The term of the invention patent right is 20 years, and the term of the utility model patent right and the design patent right is 10 years, all of which are counted from the date of application.
2. Non-patented technology
Non-patented technology is also called proprietary technology. Refers to all kinds of technologies and proprietary technologies that are unknown to the outside world, have been adopted in production and business activities, do not enjoy legal protection, and can bring economic benefits. Non-patented technology generally includes industrial know-how, commercial trade know-how and management know-how. Non-patented technology is not the object of patent law protection. Non-patented technology maintains its exclusivity through self-confidentiality, which has the characteristics of economy, confidentiality and dynamics.
3. Trademark rights
A trademark is a sign used to identify a specific commodity or service. Trademark right refers to the right to use a specific name or design exclusively on a specified commodity or product. Trademarks approved for registration by the Trademark Office are registered trademarks, including commodity trademarks, service trademarks, collective trademarks and certification trademarks. Trademark registrants enjoy the exclusive right to use trademarks and are protected by law. The period of validity of a registered trademark is 10 years, counting from the date of approval of registration. Where it is necessary to continue to use a registered trademark after its expiration, it shall apply for renewal of registration within 6 months before its expiration; Failing to apply within this time limit, a grace period of 6 months may be granted. If no application is made at the expiration of the exhibition period, its registered trademark shall be cancelled. The validity period of each renewal registration is also 10 year.
4. Copyright
Copyright, also known as copyright, refers to some special rights that the author enjoys according to law for the literary, scientific and artistic works he creates. Copyright includes the right of authorship, the right of publication, the right of modification and the right to protect the integrity of works, as well as the rights that copyright owners should enjoy such as copying, distribution, renting, exhibition, performance, projection, broadcasting, information network dissemination, shooting, adaptation, translation and assembly. Copyright owners include authors and other citizens, legal persons or other organizations that enjoy copyright according to law. Copyright belongs to the author, and the citizen who created the work is the author. A work presided over by a legal person or other organization, created by a qualified legal person or other organization, and in charge of that legal person or other organization shall be regarded as the author.
Step 5 make concessions
Franchise, also known as franchise or franchise, refers to the right of an enterprise to operate or sell a specific commodity in a certain area or the right of an enterprise to accept another enterprise's use of its trademark, trade name and technical secrets. There are usually two forms. One is authorized by government agencies to allow enterprises to use or enjoy certain commercial privileges in certain fields, such as water, electricity, post and telecommunications franchises, tobacco monopoly rights and so on. The other is that an enterprise uses some rights of another enterprise within a certain period or indefinitely according to the signed contract, such as chain stores and branches using the name of the head office. Franchising involves two aspects: the transferee and the transferor. Usually, the concession transfer contract stipulates the term of concession transfer, the rights and obligations of the transferor and the transferee. In general, the transferor shall provide the transferee with the right to use trademarks and trade names, impart know-how, and be responsible for training business personnel and providing equipment and special raw materials necessary for business operation. The transferee needs to pay the transferor the fee for obtaining the franchise right, and then pay the franchise fee according to a certain proportion of the operating income or other calculation methods after opening the business. In addition, it is necessary to keep business secrets for the transferor.
6. Land use right
Land use right refers to the right that the state allows certain units to develop, utilize and manage state-owned land within a certain period of time. According to the provisions of China's land management law, China's land belongs to the public, and no unit or individual may occupy, trade or illegally transfer it in other forms. There are several ways for units to obtain land use rights, such as administrative allocation, outsourcing (for example, by paying land transfer fees) and investor investment. Under normal circumstances, land as investment real estate or as fixed assets is accounted for according to investment real estate acquisition or fixed assets accounting; Land use rights purchased by paying land transfer fees, and land use rights acquired by investors are accounted for as intangible assets.
(B) the characteristics of intangible assets
Intangible assets have the following main characteristics:
1. Resources owned or controlled by geological prospecting units that can bring economic benefits to them.
Expecting to bring future economic benefits to geological prospecting units is the essential feature of assets, and intangible assets are no exception. In general, the intangible assets owned or controlled by geological prospecting units should have their ownership and can bring future economic benefits to geological prospecting units. But in some cases, geological prospecting units do not necessarily have their ownership. If the geological prospecting units have the right to obtain the economic benefits generated by an intangible asset and can restrain others from obtaining these economic benefits at the same time, it means that the geological prospecting units control the intangible asset or control the economic benefits generated by the intangible asset, which is embodied in the fact that the geological prospecting units have legal ownership or right to use the intangible asset and are protected by law.
2. Intangible assets have no physical form.
Intangible assets usually represent a right, a technology or a comprehensive ability to obtain certain excess profits. They have no physical form, so they are invisible and intangible, such as land use rights and non-patented technologies. Intangible assets bring economic benefits to geological prospecting units in different ways from fixed assets. Fixed assets bring economic benefits to geological prospecting units through the wear and tear of physical value, while intangible assets bring future economic benefits to geological prospecting units through their own technological advantages. The absence of physical form is one of the characteristics that distinguish intangible assets from other assets. It should be pointed out that the existence of some intangible assets depends on physical carriers, for example, computer software needs to be stored in media, but this does not change the characteristics that intangible assets themselves do not have physical forms.
3. Intangible assets are identifiable.
To be accounted as intangible assets, these assets must be distinguished from other assets, such as patents, non-patented technologies, trademarks, land use rights and concessions held by geological prospecting units. From the perspective of identifiability, goodwill is linked to the overall value of the enterprise, and the definition of intangible assets requires that intangible assets be identifiable in order to clearly distinguish them from trademarks. It is considered recognizable if the following conditions are met:
(1) Intangible assets can be separated or separated from the enterprise and can be used for sale or transfer, etc., which can be identified. Without disposing of other assets in the same for-profit activity at the same time. In some cases, intangible assets may need to be used for sale, transfer, etc. Together with related contracts, in this case, they are also regarded as identifiable intangible assets.
(2) arising from contractual rights or other legal rights, regardless of whether these rights can be transferred or separated from the enterprise or other rights and obligations. Such as the franchise right obtained by Party B through signing a franchise contract with the other party, the trademark right and patent right obtained through legal procedures, etc.
4. Intangible assets belong to non-monetary assets
Non-monetary assets refer to assets other than monetary funds held by geological prospecting units and assets with fixed or determinable amounts. Because there is no developed trading market, intangible assets are generally not easy to be converted into cash, and the situation of bringing future economic benefits to geological prospecting units in the process of holding is not exact. They are not fixed or determinable assets, but non-monetary assets. Monetary assets mainly include cash, bank deposits, accounts receivable, notes receivable and short-term securities. , and their * * * is characterized by the direct performance of a fixed amount of money or the right to get a certain amount of money in the future.
Second, the recognition conditions of intangible assets
Intangible assets can only be recognized when they meet the definition of accounting standards for business enterprises and the following two recognition conditions.
(1) Economic benefits related to assets are likely to flow into the enterprise.
As an intangible asset, the project must have economic benefits that are likely to flow into the enterprise. Usually, the future economic benefits generated by intangible assets may be included in the income from selling products and providing services, or in the cost reduced or saved by enterprises using the intangible assets, or reflected in other income obtained. For example, production and processing enterprises use certain intellectual property rights in the production process, which reduces their future output, rather than increasing their future income.
(2) The cost of the intangible asset can be measured reliably.
Reliable measurement of cost is the basic condition for asset recognition. This condition is relatively more important for intangible assets. Such as brand, newspaper name, etc. What is generated within an enterprise is not recognized as intangible assets because its cost cannot be measured reliably. For another example, the scientific and technological talents of some high-tech enterprises assume that they have signed a service contract with the enterprise, and the contract stipulates that they cannot provide services for other enterprises within a certain period of time. In this case, although these scientific and technological talents can only create economic benefits for the enterprise within the prescribed time limit, their knowledge is difficult to identify, and the expenses incurred in forming this knowledge are difficult to measure, so they cannot be recognized as intangible assets of the enterprise.
Three. Measurement of intangible assets
(A) the principle of intangible assets measurement
The measurement of intangible assets refers to the confirmation of the recorded value of intangible assets. Under the condition of market economy, intangible assets have their own value as commodities, and they are also the condensation of materialized labor and living labor. Their possession and transaction should also follow the principles of equality and mutual benefit, paid transfer, reasonable valuation and equivalent exchange. However, because intangible assets do not have a clear original cost like tangible assets, the measurement of intangible assets should follow the following principles:
(1) cost measurement principle. This is the basic principle to confirm the entry value of intangible assets. Specifically, all kinds of intangible assets purchased or applied for according to legal procedures should be accounted for according to actual expenses; Intangible assets invested by other units shall be measured and accounted for according to the confirmed value.
(2) the principle of benefit measurement. The value of some intangible assets is not determined by its actual cost, but by the future income created by the intangible assets within the validity period. For intangible assets such as patent rights and non-patented technologies, the entry value and transaction value are generally confirmed by this method.
(3) the principle of market measurement. The measurement of some intangible assets is not based on the original cost or profitability, but on the market price of similar intangible assets, which is determined by both parties through consultation. Such as introducing technology in investment and joint ventures, especially donating intangible assets.
(4) practical principles. It means that geological prospecting units do not account for all intangible assets, and only those that can bring economic benefits to geological prospecting units and determine the expenses incurred for obtaining intangible assets can be accounted for as intangible assets.
(2) Measurement of intangible assets obtained through various channels.
Intangible assets are usually measured at actual cost, that is, all expenses incurred in obtaining intangible assets and making them reach the predetermined usable state are regarded as the cost of intangible assets. For intangible assets obtained from different sources, the actual cost is also different:
1. Outsourcing intangible assets
The cost of outsourcing intangible assets includes outsourcing price, related taxes and other expenses that can be directly attributed to making the assets reach the predetermined usable state. That is, the purchased intangible assets are accounted for according to the acquisition cost.
2. Intangible assets invested by investors
The cost of intangible assets invested by investors shall be determined according to the value agreed in the investment contract or agreement. If the value agreed in the investment contract or agreement is unfair, the fair value of intangible assets shall be regarded as the initial cost of intangible assets.
3. Intangible assets acquired through the exchange of non-monetary assets
Intangible assets acquired by geological prospecting units through the exchange of non-monetary assets include investment, inventory, fixed assets or intangible assets exchanged. The exchange of non-monetary assets is commercial and its fair value can be measured reliably. If there is a premium, the premium paid is the fair value of the exchanged assets plus the premium paid (that is, the fair value of the exchanged intangible assets) and the relevant taxes payable as the cost of exchanging intangible assets; The party accepting the premium shall take the fair value of the exchanged intangible assets (the fair value of the exchanged assets minus the premium) and the relevant taxes and fees payable as the cost of the exchanged intangible assets.
4. Intangible assets obtained through debt restructuring
Intangible assets obtained through debt restructuring refer to non-cash assets obtained by geological prospecting units as creditors and managed by geological prospecting units as intangible assets. The cost of intangible assets obtained through debt restructuring shall be measured at fair value.
5. Obtaining intangible assets through government subsidies
The cost of intangible assets obtained through government subsidies shall be measured at fair value; If the fair value cannot be obtained reliably, it shall be measured according to the nominal amount.
6. Disposal of land use rights
The land use right obtained by geological prospecting units should usually be recognized as intangible assets according to the price paid at the time of acquisition and related taxes and fees. When the land use right is used for the development and construction of above-ground buildings such as factories, the book value of the land use right is not combined with the above-ground buildings to calculate its cost, but is still accounted for as intangible assets, and the land use right and the above-ground buildings are amortized and depreciated respectively. Except in the following cases:
(1) Land use rights obtained by real estate development enterprises are used to build houses and buildings for external sale, and relevant land use rights shall be included in the cost of the houses and buildings built.
(2) For houses and buildings purchased by geological prospecting units, the actual price paid includes the value of land and buildings, and the paid price should be distributed between land and buildings on the ground in a reasonable way (such as fair value ratio); If it is really impossible to reasonably allocate the above-ground buildings and land use rights, they shall all be treated as fixed assets and shall be treated in accordance with the provisions on the confirmation and measurement of fixed assets.
When geological prospecting units change the use of land use rights for lease or value-added purposes, they should turn them into investment real estate.
(3) Measurement of internally developed intangible assets
1. Measurement of internally developed intangible assets
The cost of intangible assets formed by internal R&D activities includes all necessary expenditures that can be directly attributed to the creation, production and use of assets and can operate in a manner predetermined by management. The costs that can be directly attributed include materials, labor costs, registration fees, amortization of other patents and franchises used to develop the intangible assets, and interest expenses that can be capitalized according to the principle of borrowing costs. In the process of intangible assets development, other indirect expenses, such as sales expenses and management expenses that can be directly attributed to intangible assets development activities, identifiable ineffectiveness and initial operating losses that occurred before intangible assets reached the predetermined usable state, and training points for operating intangible assets, do not constitute the development cost of intangible assets.
It should be noted that the cost of internal development of intangible assets only includes the sum of expenditures incurred from the pilot project that meets the capitalization conditions until the intangible asset reaches the predetermined usable state, and the expenditures that have been included in the profit and loss before the same intangible asset reaches the capitalization conditions in the development process will not be adjusted.
2. Accounting treatment of internal development expenses
The internal research and development of intangible assets in geological prospecting units are all expensed and included in the current profits and losses (management expenses). Expenditures in the development stage that meet the capitalization conditions and those that do not meet the capitalization conditions are included in the current profits and losses (management expenses). If it is really impossible to distinguish between the expenditure in the research stage and the expenditure in the development stage, all the R&D expenditures incurred should be expensed and included in the current profit and loss.
(1) If the R&D expenditure incurred by geological prospecting units in developing intangible assets by themselves does not meet the capitalization conditions, the R&D expenditure-expense expenditure account shall be debited; If it meets the capitalization conditions, the account of "R&D expenditure-capitalized expenditure" shall be debited, and the account of "materials, bank deposits and employee salaries payable" shall be credited.
(2) The ongoing R&D projects obtained by geological prospecting units in other ways shall be debited to the account of "R&D expenditure-capitalized expenditure" and credited to the account of "bank deposit" according to the determined amount. Future R&D expenditures will still be handled according to the above principles.
(3) If the research and development project achieves the intended purpose and forms intangible assets, the intangible assets account shall be debited and credited to the capitalization account of research and development expenditure according to the account balance.
Four. Amortization of intangible assets
(1) General provisions on amortization of intangible assets
The amortization period of intangible assets is from the time when it can be used (that is, when it reaches its intended purpose) to the time when it is terminated, that is, the start and end dates of amortization of intangible assets are: intangible assets with positive price in the current month are amortized in the current month; Intangible assets reduced in the current month shall not be amortized in the current month.
There are many amortization methods of intangible assets, including accelerated promotion method, straight-line method and output method. When selecting the amortization method of intangible assets, geological prospecting units should be able to reflect the expected realization mode of economic benefits related to the intangible assets, and keep consistent in different accounting periods. For example, intangible assets such as patented technology and proprietary technology, which are greatly influenced by outdated technology, can be amortized by accelerated depreciation method similar to fixed assets; Franchises limited by specific production should be amortized by the production method. If the expected realization mode cannot be reliably determined, it shall be amortized by the straight-line method.
(2) Accounting treatment of intangible assets amortization
In general, the amortization of intangible assets should be included in the current profit and loss. However, if an intangible asset is dedicated to the production of a product or other assets, and its economic benefits are realized by transferring it to the produced products or other assets, the amortization amount of the intangible asset shall be included in the cost of the relevant assets. For example, the amortization amount of patented technology specially used in the production process should constitute a part of the cost of the product produced and be included in the manufacturing cost of manufacturing the product.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Disposal of intangible assets
(1) Selling intangible assets
When selling intangible assets, geological prospecting units should debit the account of "bank deposit" according to the actual transfer income, debit the account of "accumulated amortization" according to the accrued accumulated amortization, debit the account of "provision for impairment of intangible assets" according to the relevant taxes payable, and credit the accounts of "taxes payable" and "bank deposit" according to the book balance of intangible assets.
Example 7- 1 The cost of owning a patented technology in a geological prospecting unit is 6,543,800 yuan, the amortization amount is 500,000 yuan, and the provision for impairment is 20,000 yuan. When the unit sells intangible assets, the actual sales income is 600,000 yuan, and the relevant taxes and fees should be paid 36,000 yuan.
The financial treatment is as follows:
Debit: Bank 600,000.
Accumulated amortization of 500,000 pounds.
Intangible assets impairment reserve 20 000
Loan: intangible assets 1 000 000.
Taxes payable-business tax payable is 36,000 yuan.
Non-operating income-84,000 yuan from disposal of non-current assets.
(2) Lease of intangible assets
Geological prospecting units transfer the right to use intangible assets they own to others and collect rent, which belongs to the income obtained from other business activities related to the daily activities of geological prospecting units. When the income recognition conditions are met, the relevant income and cost should be recognized and accounted for through other business income and expenditure accounts. Rental income from the transfer of the right to use intangible assets shall be debited to "bank deposit" and credited to "other business income" and other subjects; When amortizing the cost of leasing intangible assets and various expenses related to the transfer, debit "other business expenses" and credit "accumulated amortization".
Example 7-2 A geological prospecting unit leased a patented technology to enterprise A for use. The book balance of the patented technology is 500,000 yuan and the amortization period is 65,438+00 years. According to the lease contract, the lessee must pay the lessor the patent technology use fee100000 yuan when selling the products produced by the patent. Business tax should be 5000 yuan. Suppose the lessee sold 654.38 million pieces of this product that year.
The financial treatment is as follows:
Time-consuming to obtain patent technology transfer:
Debit: bank deposit 100 000.
Loan: other business income 100 000.
Amortize the patented technology every year and calculate the business tax payable;
Debit: Other business expenses are 50,000 yuan.
Business tax and surcharge 5,000 yuan
Loan: accumulated amortization of 50,000 yuan.
Taxes payable-business tax payable 5000 yuan.
(3) Scrapping of intangible assets
If intangible assets are not expected to bring future economic benefits to geological prospecting units, for example, the intangible assets have been replaced by other new technologies or have exceeded the legal protection period and cannot bring economic benefits to enterprises, they no longer meet the definition of intangible assets and should be scrapped and written off, and their book value should be converted into current profits and losses. When reselling, the accumulated amortization should be debited to the "accumulated amortization" account; According to its book balance, credit "intangible assets" subjects; According to the difference, debit the "non-operating expenses" account. If provision for impairment has been made, it should also be carried forward at the same time.
Impairment reserve for intangible assets of intransitive verbs
Intangible assets of geological prospecting units shall be measured according to the principle of lower book value or recoverable amount. For the difference between the recoverable amount and the book value, provision for impairment of intangible assets shall be accrued and included in the current asset impairment loss. If the recoverable amount is higher than the book value, it will generally not be recorded. However, if the value of intangible assets for which impairment provision has been made in the previous period recovers, the book value of intangible assets should be increased within the limit of impairment provision.
In case of one or more of the following circumstances, provision for impairment of intangible assets shall be made:
(1) An intangible asset has been replaced by other new technologies, which has a significant adverse impact on its ability to create economic benefits for geological prospecting units;
(2) The market price of intangible assets has dropped sharply in the current period and is not expected to recover in the remaining amortization period;
(3) Intangible assets have exceeded the legal protection period, but they still have certain use value;
(4) Other circumstances that can prove substantial impairment of intangible assets.
When determining that intangible assets have been impaired, geological prospecting units shall debit the title of "Asset Impairment Loss-Intangible Assets Impairment Reserve" and credit the title of "Intangible Assets Impairment Reserve" according to the confirmed amount of assets impairment.
At the end of the period, if the book value of intangible assets held by geological prospecting units is higher than its recoverable amount, according to the difference, the account of "asset impairment loss-intangible assets impairment reserve" shall be debited and credited to the account of "intangible assets impairment reserve"; Where the value of intangible assets for which impairment provision has been made is recovered, it shall be transferred back within the scope of impairment provision, debited to the subject of "impairment provision for intangible assets" and credited to the subject of "impairment loss of assets-impairment provision for intangible assets".
In the balance sheet, intangible assets shall be reflected by the net amount after deducting the provision for impairment of intangible assets.