Industrial revolution:
The first industrial revolution (65438+60s)
Premises: ① the establishment of British bourgeois rule ② the enclosure movement provided a large number of labor; ③ Enclosure movement, colonial plunder and slave trade accumulated a lot of capital; ④ During the handicraft industry period, workshops accumulated production technology and scientific knowledge; ⑤/KLOC-became the largest colonial country in the middle of the 0/8th century, and its foreign market expanded; ⑤ Domestic resources are abundant.
Main contents: machine application: cotton textile industry-coal mining industry-metallurgy industry-transportation industry.
Development characteristics: ① large-scale machine production replaces manual production; ② Starting from the cotton textile sector; (3) since the invention and use of machines, the inventors are mostly skilled workers and technicians; (4) expanding to other countries with Britain as the center; ⑤ The entry of human beings into age of steam is mainly based on technology, and science and technology are not closely combined; Economically, it has greatly improved productivity, consolidated the ruling foundation of capitalist countries and accelerated the process of urbanization. The formation of the capitalist world market (2) In politics, the social structure has undergone major changes, forming the opposition between the industrial bourgeoisie and the proletariat, and the workers' movement has gradually emerged (3) In international relations, the ties around the world have been strengthened, capitalism's rule over the world has been established, and the powers have stepped up their expansion, making the East subordinate to the West (4) In terms of ideology and culture, liberalism, nationalism and socialism have emerged; The emergence of literary forms of critical realism.
The Second Industrial Revolution (65438+70s)
Great progress in natural science, the establishment of capitalist system in the world, the initial formation of capitalist world system, the further expansion of capitalist market, the relative political stability of capitalist countries and the establishment of patented technology system.
Main contents: the wide application of electric power; Invention of internal combustion engine and new means of transportation; The invention of new communication means; Establishment of chemical industry
Development characteristics: ① Natural science began to be closely combined with technical production, which played a more important role in promoting the development of productive forces; (2) almost simultaneously occurred in several advanced capitalist countries, beyond the scope of a country; In some capitalist countries, the two industrial revolutions crossed.
Important influences: ① monopoly organizations came into being, and major capitalist countries entered the stage of imperialism; (2) With the improvement of productivity and the accelerated development of capitalist economy, mankind has entered the electrical age; ③ The political and economic development was unbalanced, and fierce competition led to the outbreak of World War I; (4) The development of the workers' movement and Marxism produced Leninism; ⑤ Capitalist countries step up their external expansion and carve up the world; The national liberation movement in Asia, Africa and Latin America has reached a new climax; ⑤ The capitalist world system was formed and scientific management rose.
The Third Industrial Revolution (1940s and 1950s)
A major breakthrough in scientific theory, the promotion of World War II and relative political stability.
Main contents: atomic energy technology, aerospace technology, computer application, synthetic materials, molecular biology and genetic engineering.
Development characteristics: ① Science and technology play an increasingly important role in promoting the development of productive forces; ② Science and technology are closely integrated and promote each other; ③ Science and technology permeate each other.
Important influences: ① promoting the development of social productive forces; (2) promoting the changes of social economic structure and social life structure; (3) promoting the adjustment of the international economic structure; ④ Accelerated the modernization and globalization of social life; ⑤ Promoted the drastic change of weapons and the adjustment of military strategy; ⑤ It has influenced social and cultural life and ideological theory.
(1) Reasons for the lag of the second scientific and technological revolution: the deepening of semi-colonization and the further loss of national sovereignty; (2) The capitalist powers exported goods and capital to China, which seriously hindered the development of society; ③ The Qing government was politically corrupt and neglected modern science, technology and education; ④ The natural economy is still dominant and the domestic market is narrow; ⑤ The economic and technological foundation of national capitalism in China is weak.
⑵ Reasons for the lag of the third scientific and technological revolution: ① After the end of World War II, China was in the period of civil war; (2) Imperialism imposed diplomatic isolation, economic blockade and military siege on New China; (3) In the early days of the founding of New China, the focus of the Party's work was to restore the economy and consolidate political power; ④ Long-term adoption of the highly centralized economic and political system of the Soviet Union; At the end of 1950s, the main leaders of the Party misjudged the situation, which led to the further development of "Left" errors in 1960s and 1970s.
⑶ Understanding: National sovereignty and independence are the necessary prerequisites for economic, scientific and technological development; Recognizing the national conditions clearly and persisting in taking economic construction as the center is the guarantee for developing economy and science and technology; We should adhere to the principles and policies of reform and opening up and rejuvenating the country through science and education.