Introduction:
It is said that there was such a scene at the excavation site of Qin Shihuang’s tomb in the last century: a pottery figurine weighing more than 100 kilograms fell on top of a Qin sword. Above, the Qin sword was bent to a degree visible to the naked eye. However, when the archaeologists removed the pottery figurine, the Qin sword returned to normal in an instant, and its sharpness was still as sharp as before.
Qin Jian lying quietly in the museum
This scene is so shocking, but even more shocking things are yet to come. According to relevant reports, when archaeologists conducted modern research on the Qin Jian, they discovered that there was a chromium salt compound on the surface of the Qin Jian. This compound is similar to the memory metal we are familiar with today. Therefore, the Qin Jian can be bent after being bent for thousands of years. Quickly returns to normal form. Da Qin's technology is actually so advanced. Is this the legendary Da Qin's black technology?
In this article, Teacher Dai will use the Qin State's sword covered with chromium salt compounds as an example to briefly discuss what the "Qin Black Technology" may be. Maybe it is just a beautiful misunderstanding. In the final analysis, the dangers of mountains and rivers are not enough to strengthen the country, and virtue is not the danger.
Daqin Black Technology? Or the benefit of Qin's method
A great discovery of the century from well digging
In the 1970s, a family in Shaanxi was preparing to dig a well like other families. Unexpectedly However, many pottery figurine heads of different shapes were hit. At that time, many onlookers in the village came to watch. In the end, the cultural relics and archaeological institutions were even alarmed. This also revealed the greatest archaeological discovery of the 20th century. ——Terracotta Warriors and Horses from the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang.
The unexpected discovery of the Qin Terracotta Warriors
Before the death of the First Emperor, he ordered a large number of terracotta warriors and horses to be burned, and there were all kinds of burial objects. According to the records of Ma Qian of the Taishi Company of the Western Han Dynasty, they were:
When the First Emperor came to the throne, he conquered Li Mountain and conquered the whole country. The whole country sent 700,000 people to the imperial palace, passed through three springs, lowered the copper into the coffin, and filled the palace with hundreds of officials, rare artifacts, and strange treasures. . He ordered the craftsman to make a crossbow arrow and shoot at anyone who came close. Use mercury to form hundreds of rivers and seas, imbuing it with structures, astronomy at the top and geography at the bottom. Use mermaid paste as a candle to save the immortal for a long time
Whether the mausoleum of the First Emperor mentioned in "Historical Records" is indeed so magnificent, it seems that we will soon know. During the archaeological process, archaeological experts were quickly shocked by the large number of terracotta warriors and horses - they were of various shapes and rich colors. But the problem soon became apparent. Because science and technology were not developed enough at that time, the colors of the large number of excavated terracotta warriors and horses were not adequately protected. As a result, the thousands of years of color on the terracotta warriors and horses quickly evaporated, leaving only the colors we are familiar with today. That gray tone.
The terracotta warriors and horses that should be colorful, the Qin sword from the hands of the terracotta warriors and horses
Further archaeological work on the Mausoleum of the First Emperor had to be suspended, and only limited reservations were made to continue to excavate the terracotta warriors and horses and other equipment. At this time, archaeological experts discovered a Qin sword that had been bent for thousands of years by the terracotta warriors and horses. In the eyes of many archaeological experts present, this Qin sword must be bent. Although it is a pity, there is nothing that can be done. However, after the archaeologists removed the terracotta warriors and horses, a magical scene appeared - the Qin sword was not bent by the weight of thousands of years, but slowly rebounded and returned to normal!
The toppled terracotta warriors and horses at the archaeological site
Archaeologists were shocked. After conducting modern scientific and technological analysis on Qin Jian, the conclusions reached were even more unbelievable - —
"Through scientific methods such as laser microspectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, electron probe, spectral analysis, and laser qualitative analysis on the weapons unearthed from the Qin Terracotta Warriors pit, it was discovered that Qin Jianhe and the weapons unearthed from the pit were There is generally a layer of 1015 micron-thick, black-gray glossy covering film on the surface of other weapons. This film is essentially a dense oxide layer containing chromium compounds.
"——The third issue of "Archaeology and Cultural Relics" in 1980, a glimpse into the scientific and technological achievements of bronze weapons in the Qin Terracotta Warriors Pit
Figures of terracotta warriors and horses holding Gatling: Sir, times have changed
The modern name chromium salt compound actually appeared on Qin Jian more than 2,000 years ago. What is happening? You must know that chromium salt compounds were not officially mastered by humans until the 1950s on this planet. And applied for a patent. This technology can not only prevent corrosion and rust, strengthen the surface anti-wear properties, but also have some functions of memory metal. Is it possible that the ancient Chinese two thousand years ago were able to master it skillfully? Is it possible that this is Is the legendary black technology of Da Qin successful? The material and craftsmanship of Qin Jian
But if you think about it carefully, you will feel that something is wrong. After all, this is too unbelievable. According to the productivity of the time, such a good technology How could it be so easily achieved? Could it be that the craftsmen collectively traveled through time:
After consulting the information, the author found that in the 1950s, the modern chrome plating process pioneered by Americans was on the metal surface. A layer of elemental chromium is electroplated, but craftsmen more than two thousand years ago obviously did not have this ability. So someone may ask, what is the matter with the chromium salt compound detected on the Qin Jian? Many people believe differently. Most of the weapons in the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin are made of bronze, not iron.
Bronze swords
During the archaeological process of the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin, Many scholars have also expressed confusion, but the academic community quickly came up with a more reasonable explanation-instead of using a large number of immature iron tools, it is better to generally use highly developed and mature bronze smelting.
So since the material of Qin Jian is bronze, it can also be proved from the side that ancient craftsmen were not able to achieve progress in iron smelting, let alone chromium salt compounds and electroplating processes with higher technical thresholds. In fact, it was only in the Han Dynasty. The method of frying steel did not come into existence until the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Due to both emotion and reason, it was impossible for the craftsmen of the Qin Dynasty to automatically produce technological progress across several generations of productivity.
The method of pouring steel only appeared during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The armored cavalry caused by the steel method
What is even more interesting is that judging from the preservation condition of the Qin sword with the properties of "memory metal" unearthed from the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, it does not reflect the most important anti-corrosion function of the chromium plating process. Therefore, the reason why the so-called chromium on the surface of this Qin sword can be found is probably just the result of the reaction between the chromium compounds contained in the soil and the surface of the artifact. It is really just a coincidence. p>
Of course, in addition to the possibility of unbending Qin swords, more than a dozen Qin swords that can still easily scratch eighteen layers of paper have been discovered at the archaeological site of Qin Shihuang's Terracotta Warriors and Horses. Looking back at the Qin Dynasty As for the smelting technology in Guanzhong, it is not difficult to find that due to the maturity of bronze smelting technology in the Qin Dynasty, in the late Warring States period, bronze swords often surpassed the common daggers in the Spring and Autumn Period, and some could reach eighty or ninety centimeters, or even more than one meter (if Qin Shihuang (The accompanying sword is also a bronze sword):
Ke took the map and presented it to him, but the map was poor and the dagger was seen. Because his left hand held the sleeve of the King of Qin, and his right hand held a dagger to poke at him. Before he could reach his body, the King of Qin was frightened, and he stood up and cut off his sleeves. Draw the sword, the sword is long, and it is in the room.
The situation is urgent and the sword is strong, so it cannot be drawn out... The people on the left and right say: "The king is carrying the sword! The king is carrying the sword!" - "Jing Ke Assassinates the King of Qin"
However, readers can be surprised Don’t forget that the material is bronze after all. In the years to come, iron swords will break if they are cast too long, and it is more unsuitable to cast long bronze swords than iron. If the Qin people continue to find ways to increase the number of bronze swords, the consequences will be Wouldn't it be even more unimaginable? Let's imagine:
When the two armies were fighting, the Qin people originally planned to take advantage of the bronze swords in their hands that were longer than the others. However, after the two armies fought in close combat, the Qin army's swords fell one after another. If you break it, isn't that asking for death?
So, what method did the Qin people use to make the long bronze sword not easy to break? According to Yuan Zhongyi, the first captain of the Qinling Archaeological Team, the Qin Sword has a very long sword body, but its stem (handle) is also relatively long. The length of the sword stems of the bronze swords unearthed in Pit No. 1 and No. 2 of the Qin Terracotta Warriors is mostly about 17 to 20 centimeters. To be honest, this is a good idea. Under the general principle of lengthening the Qin sword, it is not necessary to lengthen the sword body, but it may also indirectly lengthen the hilt.
Lengthening the hilt
In addition to this indirect method, Qin craftsmen also finely filed and polished the surface of the sword body, so the Qin sword after being unearthed There are no trachoma on the surface of other weapons, and they are relatively smooth and bright. From this point of view, Qin craftsmen must be particular about the casting of Qin swords. The reason behind this attitude is undoubtedly that the Qin State has established an effective supervision and incentive mechanism. This supervision and incentive mechanism makes the craftsmen happy to There is also a pursuit of casting technology and casting technology.
Qin Sword
It is this kind of pursuit and attitude that makes the hardness and toughness of the Qin bronze sword just right, so that in modern times, the Qin sword unearthed It can still easily cut through eighteen layers of paper, which truly explains what is truly made by Daqin and ensures quality. Conclusion
In the thousands of years of history, the Qin Empire was undoubtedly short-lived, but the laws and regulations left by Qin Shihuang have been continuously used by people for thousands of years. Cultural relics are countless treasures, waiting for people to dig and explore.
The former Qin State became so famous in the world with just a corner of the country. Behind it is definitely not the so-called "Qin Black Technology", but should be the craftsmen who worked hard to create behind countless sharp weapons, as well as the Strict systems and regulations, as the saying goes, the right time is not as good as the right place, and the right place is not as good as the people. The so-called "Da Qin black technology" is just the speculation of modern people. In the final analysis, it is still doubts and unconfidence about Da Qin's success in the world by relying on itself. However, looking at When looking at the power of Qin swords made by Da Qin, it is not difficult to discover the management system behind the efforts and ingenuity of Da Qin's craftsmen.
Qin II died, for what reason? Did he die because of Hu? Yes, he died because of nonsense. After Hu Hai came to the throne, he and Zhao Gao went against the grain and wantonly overridden the laws and regulations of Qin. In the end, even the descendants of Qin and Guanzhong were quickly destroyed, weren't they? What about the blessing of "Great Qin's black technology"? It cannot be said that the black technology of the First Emperor's period could not be used by Qin II! The great poet Du Mu summed it up well: Those who destroy the Six Kingdoms are the Six Kingdoms, and those who live in Qin are also Qin. Terracotta Warriors and Horses (23) Craftsmen (2) Da Qin (18)