I. Planning principles
According to the above planning basis, the following principles are determined in specific zoning.
(A) emphasize the principle of similar basic conditions.
1) The same division is generally consistent in environmental conditions.
2) The same partition has similar environmental impact.
3) In the same division, it generally has the integrity of environmental development and countermeasures.
4) In the same division, they are similar in environmental types and functions.
(2) the principle of adjusting measures to local conditions
We pay attention to and emphasize the advantages of resources and location, but we don't ignore the carrying capacity of the environment and the providing capacity of today's economy.
(3) the principle of overall interests
We should obey and serve the overall economic situation of the whole province and even the whole country, but at the same time we should reflect the interests of social and natural subjects.
(D) the principle of comprehensive benefits
We should pay attention to and embody regional unity, learn from each other's strong points in division of labor and cooperation, and strive for the best economic benefits. But while attaching importance to economic benefits, we should strive for the best ecological and social benefits.
(5) Highlight the principle of maximizing benefits.
It is necessary to give full play to the overall advantages of the region and highlight the overall benefits, but it is also necessary to simplify the mosaic characteristics of the division as much as possible, and strive to have a clear positioning in planning and give full play to the comparative advantages of the greatest differences between regions.
(six) the principle of combining openness with governance.
We should take governance as the leading factor, pay equal attention to development and governance, and pay attention to constantly adjusting the relationship between development and governance in development.
Second, the division and naming of partition types.
(A) the division of zoning types
On the basis of eco-geological environment zoning, focusing on landform, agricultural ecological construction and economic development, it is divided into four areas: platform land improvement and development protection area, plain multi-objective land improvement and development protection area, key development protection area along the river port and nature protection area.
(2) Naming method of partition
First-class district (district) naming: geological environment+economic development type.
Naming of secondary district (sub-district): economic development type+environmental type.
According to the above principles and methods, the Sanjiang Plain is divided into four regions and 16 sub-regions in combination with the landform characteristics (Table 9-2).
Table 9-2 Zoning Table of Eco-geological Environment Improvement in Sanjiang Plain
Three. Planning zoning description
(1) Terrace Land Improvement and Development Reserve
1. afforestation subregion
This area is mainly distributed in the piedmont area around the plain.
The forest coverage in this area is very low. In order to adjust and establish a new ecological balance, we should vigorously carry out afforestation activities, improve forest coverage and completely change the uneven distribution of forests. For those arable lands that are not suitable for agriculture, we must resolutely return farmland to forests to prevent further disasters such as soil erosion. According to the data, in the range of 25 times the height of forest trees, the average wind speed is reduced by 25% ~ 30%, the evaporation is reduced by 20%, the air relative humidity is increased by 5% ~ 10%, the temperature is adjusted by 12℃, and the soil water content is increased by 14%, which can increase the average yield of various crops by 65,438. For example, 40 farmland shelterbelts have been built in Jiulian of Xinhua Farm, with a total length of nearly 40 kilometers, and the protected farmland is 1.2× 104 mu. With the growth of the forest belt, the past tuyere disappeared and the grain output gradually increased. Another 850 farm, 1970, suffered from wind disaster, and the wheat without forest protection was destroyed twice. However, under the protection of the forest belt with a height of 7 ~ 9m, the damage degree is obviously different. The yield from the forest belt is 184.5kg, and the yield from the forest belt is 100m ~ 300m. We should fully understand the role of forests, especially various shelterbelts, in regulating microclimate, protecting fields and increasing production, improving ecological environment and regulating ecological balance, so afforestation has become an imperative trend. To strengthen artificial afforestation, we must implement afforestation, encourage the whole people to plant trees, and vigorously carry out ecological education, so that the ecological benefits of afforestation will be deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. We can take measures to ensure that every barren hill is covered with green clothes. Vigorously build fast-growing and high-yield forests, and accelerate the cultivation of forest reserve resources through multiple channels while carrying out conventional artificial regeneration afforestation. Artificial afforestation needs scientific afforestation and scientific management in seedling selection, transplantation and tending. When selecting seedlings, excellent seedlings with developed roots and stout stems should be selected to improve the qualified rate, survival rate and preservation rate of reforestation. The ultimate goal is to improve the forest coverage rate, so as to purify the air, conserve water, reduce soil erosion and achieve the purpose of wind prevention and sand fixation.
2. Dryland development subregion
It is mainly distributed in areas with relatively flat terrain and relatively fertile soil in the piedmont around the plain. The existing arable land covers an area of 4 000km2, mainly planting corn, sorghum, wheat and other cash crops, mainly soybeans and potatoes.
While developing and utilizing dry land, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of farmland shelterbelt network, and take different channels to raise funds and increase investment in combination with the national "Three North Shelterbelts" construction. Wind, water and soil erosion prevention. Excellent crop varieties should be introduced to increase farmers' income, thus improving land utilization. It is necessary to improve the soil fertility of cultivated land, increase the input of cultivated land, invest more farm manure and less inorganic chemical fertilizer, increase land fertility and reduce environmental pollution. Scientific farming, scientific management of cultivated land, reasonable adjustment of planting structure, to minimize soil erosion, land pollution and other factors that damage soil fertility. Transform low-and medium-yield fields, advocate planting green manure straws and returning them to fields, and establish a reasonable farming and rotation system.
3. Mineral development subregion
The discovered minerals in this area include coal, mineral water, peat and placer gold. Among them, coal is the leading mining industry in this area, mainly distributed in Jixian and Baoqing, with a reserve of about 40× 108t, which plays a leading role in the national economy and is the main industrial pillar in this area. Gold deposits (mainly placer gold) are mainly distributed along the coast of Heilongjiang and in the area of 853 farm.
Except for individual minerals such as coal and gold, the reserves of other minerals in this area are mostly unclear, so the development of mineral resources in this area has not yet started, and the recent work should focus on prospecting, providing scientific basis for the development of mineral resources. The focus of the work should be on non-metallic resources, and the shortage of non-metallic and non-ferrous metal resources can be supplemented by the strength of building materials resources, so as to raise funds, find out the distribution, reserves and grade of major minerals, and gradually find out the base of mineral resources in this area.
As mentioned above, there are a lot of environmental geological problems in the development of this area, such as collapse caused by coal development and soil erosion caused by gold mining. Therefore, environmental protection should attract the attention of local government departments and should not be blindly developed.
4. Residents' living quarters
This area mainly includes cities, counties, farms, towns, mining areas and other residential areas.
In the development and construction of residential areas, it is necessary to strengthen the transformation of residential areas, speed up the construction of urban green belts, make more use of open spaces in residential areas, and protect existing green belts, such as the greening construction of residential areas, in order to beautify and purify the environment. For the planned and newly-built living quarters, it is necessary to do a good job in layout planning and reasonable layout to improve the land utilization rate. Industrial "three wastes" and production wastes can only be discharged after strict treatment to reduce environmental pollution. Fully tap the existing potential of urban construction land, improve the land utilization rate, appropriately improve the residential grade, and rationally adjust the land structure. Industrial projects should be concentrated as far as possible in the established development zones and industrial communities, and the centralized utilization rate of land should be effectively improved. The construction of small towns should follow the principles of rational layout, comprehensive support, protection of cultivated land and land conservation, and develop and utilize land resources.
(2) Multi-objective land improvement and development protection areas in the plain.
1. Paddy field development and protection subregion
This area is mainly distributed near rivers in plain areas, such as Huachuan, Jixian, Suibin, Fujin, Tongjiang, Fuyuan, Raohe, Baoqing and other counties and cities, with a total paddy field area of 6 000km2.
While developing paddy fields, we should improve the irrigation system and drainage system of farmland to reduce the occurrence of waterlogging disasters; Strengthen the construction of farmland shelterbelt network and conserve water; Stop land desertification and soil erosion and adjust planting structure; Vigorously promote mechanization and change artificial seedling raising and transplanting into machine seedling raising and transplanting; Intensify the efforts of "developing agriculture through science and technology", transform low-and medium-yield fields, vigorously popularize excellent varieties and advanced and applicable technologies, increase the content of science and technology, establish a new farming system, and improve sowing quality and disaster resistance. Vigorously developing drought to water can improve the economic benefit and yield of crops and ensure stable production. According to the data, the economic benefit of turning drought into water in Fujin City is about 100 ~ 140 yuan. According to the diversion of water and soil in the survey area, the area of paddy field recently changed from agriculture to agriculture has reached 1.5× 1.04 hm2, with remarkable benefits.
2. Comprehensive development zoning of dry land
This area is widely distributed in most areas of Sanjiang Plain, and it is an important grain production base in Sanjiang Plain, even in Heilongjiang Province and the whole country. It is under the jurisdiction of three agricultural management bureaus, namely Hongxinglong, Baoquanling and Jiansanjiang. Total planting area 150× 104hm2, mainly planting corn, sorghum, wheat and other cash crops such as soybean, potato, beet and flax. Soybean in Sanjiang Plain enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad. Bean product processing has become the economic foundation and driving force of agricultural development in Sanjiang Plain. In addition, corn finishing, as the basic raw material of pharmaceutical industry and light industry, has abundant output and low price.
According to the investigation, the low-yield fields in this area are mainly distributed in hillside and low-lying land, and the soil is mainly albic soil and swamp soil. The transformation of middle and low yield fields is mainly to control waterlogging and poor soil, enhance the ability of farmland to resist natural disasters, reduce the degree of disasters, increase water conservancy facilities, and build drainage ditches, intercepting ditches and ditches along the river. Adjust measures to local conditions, reduce waterlogging damage, apply more organic fertilizer, improve land fertility, change its barren situation, adjust crop structure at a high speed according to local conditions, rationally plant and strengthen field management.
However, there are still some problems in land development and utilization in this area, such as insufficient overall planning and unbalanced reclamation construction. Since the founding of New China, due to the blind land reclamation, the construction of water conservancy projects is out of touch with land reclamation, so that some cultivated land is lost due to floods, especially the development in 1970s, which is a wasteland that is difficult to be reclaimed, and can only be reclaimed through certain water conservancy measures. In addition, planting and breeding are unbalanced and fertility is declining. In the past period, due to the one-sided pursuit of grain production, the area of cultivated land has been continuously expanded, with less use of organic fertilizer and more use of chemical fertilizer, resulting in the hardening of cultivated land, low nutrient content and poor quality, and the content of soil organic matter and natural nutrients has obviously decreased, of which the organic matter content has dropped from 5% to 6% in 1958 to 3% today.
It is suggested that while developing and utilizing land, we should vigorously promote agricultural mechanization, increase the intensity of "developing agriculture through science and technology", and make overall arrangements and long-term plans in combination with land remediation and protection. Help solve the contradiction between various departments and idle land, strengthen macro-control and planned management of land resources, and give play to the comprehensive utilization benefits of land resources. Adjust the proportion of agricultural land and develop agricultural production in an all-round way. Improve soil, combine land cultivation, gradually transform low-yield fields, promote precision agriculture and improve land productivity. Second, combining with the development of green agriculture, vigorously promote excellent varieties and introduce Heilongjiang products at home and abroad.
3. Subregion of Forestry, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Development
This area is distributed along the Songhua River and Wusuli River, as well as swamps and wetlands, with a total area of about 63× 104hm2.
The rational structure and layout of forest, animal husbandry and fishery land is the core content of protecting natural resources, which has been paid more and more attention by relevant parties at home and abroad. The riverbanks in this area are unstable and floods are frequent, so forestry should be promoted first, followed by fishery and animal husbandry. Forestry should focus on the construction of border shelterbelts along the Yangtze River, and select tree species with developed roots, strong soil-fixing ability and strong tillering ability. Appropriately construct firewood forests in floodplains, rivers, depressions and central islands of rivers. In order to prevent and reduce bank collapse, soil erosion and soil erosion. In addition, afforestation also plays a considerable role in soil consolidation, sand prevention and soil erosion prevention.
It has great potential to make full use of rivers, streams and swamps developed along the Yangtze River to develop fisheries. Take Suibin County as an example. At present, there are 25 fishing spots along the river, which can catch more than 550 tons every year. There are also many rivers and swamps suitable for developing fish farming and fishing. Another example is Bacha Township, Tongjiang City, where the swamp bubble area is 1 10,000 mu, and the bubble areas of No.2 and No.3 in Suibin County are over 400hm2, all of which have certain fishing productivity and great potential for aquaculture development. While giving full play to the natural fishery potential of many swamp rivers, this area can gradually develop fish-raising water surface and build a 10,000-mu swamp fish-raising base. At the same time, it is necessary to establish a catch and raise reserve in the river section, such as the Sanjiangkou section.
This area can vigorously develop animal husbandry, or semi-animal husbandry and semi-agriculture. This area is rich in land resources and has a large proportion of wasteland, which is suitable for the development of animal husbandry. For example, the Dulu River and Yadan River lowlands in Luobei County have formed a certain area of marshland and a few isolated islands, and there are about 65,438+000 hm2 sandy marshland in Lianhua Township, which is difficult to cultivate. Although these areas are not suitable for agricultural development, they are suitable for animal husbandry development. Existing grassland/kloc-0 /×1.04hm2. If drainage is carried out step by step, the grassland area will be larger, some of which can be used as pasture and some can be used as pasture. Another example is the intersection of Heisong River and Two Rivers in Suibin, where the grassland area is 3 000hm2, and Shi Jia Island alone has the grassland area of 1 700hm2, and the grass layer is as high as 126cm, and the grassland coverage rate reaches 98%, which can completely build a large-scale animal husbandry base. The development of animal husbandry should be based on high starting point and high technology, and promote cattle and sheep varieties with the best varieties at home and abroad. Wool and cashmere products should be guided by domestic and foreign demand, dairy products should be deeply processed, and green brands should be promoted.
Because of the abundant grassland resources in this area, using herbs and grasses rich in wood fiber as substitutes for papermaking and light industry can be called green products, and investment should be increased. The construction of Luobei Hongqi Paper Mill is a typical development example.
The main obstacles to the development of this area are floods along the Yangtze River and waterlogging in lowlands, and the focus of governance is bank collapse. That is, slope protection is built in key bank collapse areas. Build, strengthen and transform flood control dikes along the river and speed up the construction of drainage projects. From revetment drainage to irrigation and drainage, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery develop together.
4. Mineral development subregion
This area is scattered in Sanjiang Plain, and the minerals in this area are relatively poor in mountainous areas. The minerals that have been developed and identified are clay minerals, river sand, stones, peat, mineral water and coal for construction, and the discovered resources are zeolite, limestone, gold, oil, geothermal energy, natural gas and strange stones.
Mineral water and peat are quite rich in reserves, and mining has begun to take shape.
According to preliminary estimation, the peat reserves in Sanjiang Plain are 12× 108 m3. Calculated by peat containing 50% organic matter, it is equivalent to 2× 108t pure organic matter; Calculated by the nitrogen content of 1.5%, it is equivalent to the nitrogen content of 1.500× 104t urea; Calculated by 30% humic acid, it is equivalent to 1.5× 108t peat humic acid. 12× 108 m3 is a considerable reserve. According to the calculation of 5 000× 104 mu of cultivated land in the whole region, 25m3 of peat can be applied to each mu of cultivated land. Peat reserves in Sanjiang Plain are characterized by dispersed reserves, which affects the peat reserves and is not conducive to large-scale mining. However, in terms of agricultural utilization, the ineffective distribution of limited peat resources is conducive to in-situ mining and in-situ utilization.
Peat is a good raw material for improving soil fertility and an important organic resource. Rational development of rich peat resources in Sanjiang Plain is of great practical significance for improving soil and fertility in this area and increasing grain yield as soon as possible.
The development and utilization of peat resources should be based on the land use and farmland capital construction planning and the nature of peat. Avoid indiscriminate mining and digging, cut the peat land into pieces, waste resources, and make the mined land difficult to use. Advocate peat processing and utilization, improve utilization effect, and gradually feed direct utilization. Peat is a valuable organic resource formed in the swamp environment for thousands of years and should be effectively protected. In recent years, due to dry weather, swamp drainage, wasteland reclamation and desertification, peat fires are extremely common and extremely difficult to put out, destroying a large number of organic resources and causing extremely serious losses. We should give them enough attention and try to stop them. According to the development and ecological environment planning, establish peat nature reserve.
Sanjiang plain is rich in mineral water with high silicon and strontium content, which can be promoted as non-processed products in domestic and foreign trade activities. Take green products as the brand, and improve the popularity.
Sanjiang Plain is a large depression basin, and its geological structure is very conducive to the formation and storage of geothermal energy, oil and natural gas. At present, geothermal energy and natural gas have been discovered, and it is believed that there are certain prospects for finding these minerals.
5. Residents' living areas
This area mainly includes Jiamusi, Fujin, Luobei and other counties and cities and their subordinate towns, as well as some towns and villages under Tongjiang and Fuyuan counties. In the sub-regions where the urban population is relatively concentrated, industrial areas should be separated from living areas; In rural areas with a small population, it is necessary to implement agricultural communization, that is, living quarters are relatively concentrated, and those villages living in areas prone to floods and other disasters should be merged and moved to realize the modernization of agricultural production and life. For other practices, see paragraph 4 in (1).
(3) Key protected areas along the Yangtze River
Riverside is not only a key development zone, but also a special economic zone. It is the link between Heilongjiang Province and international trade, the combination of developed economy and technology and rich natural resources in Heilongjiang Province, and the transit station and window of Heilongjiang Province's opening to the outside world. The implementation of ecological protection and regional innovation in Sanjiang Plain has a strong radiation efficiency and driving effect on the strategic development and protection of Sanjiang Plain. The development zone along the Yangtze River is to promote the optimal allocation of resources inside and outside the region, at home and abroad, promote regional economic development, and meet the needs of economic globalization and knowledge economy development.
1. Port development subregion
This area includes four ports: Mingshan, Tongjiang, Fuyuan and Raohe. Each port has a corresponding town facing Russia across the river, which makes the region have a unique geographical advantage of opening to the outside world with Russia. As early as the beginning of the19th century, these towns started border trade with the Russian Far East.
Since the reform and opening up, with the continuous development of foreign economic relations and trade, especially the vigorous rise of border local trade, under the care and guidance of the state and relevant departments, port opening has made great progress. The opening and use of ports has opened the door of Heilongjiang Province to the outside world and played an increasingly important role in the development of export-oriented economy in the whole province, especially in the border areas. The success of "Harbin Fair" has greatly improved the visibility of Heilongjiang's opening to the outside world, which is inseparable from the role played by port opening.
In view of the port's important position and role in opening to the outside world, governments at all levels and relevant competent departments where ports are located in Heilongjiang Province should strive to overcome the difficulties of capital shortage, continuously strengthen the construction of port infrastructure and supporting facilities, and promote the healthy development of economy and trade. In order to transform the old wharf and expand it into a new modern wharf, we must do a good job in planning and designing the proposed port and strive to build an efficient modern port. Transform the old port city, strengthen the construction of urban greening and beautification projects, reduce the harm of industrial and domestic garbage to the environment, establish and improve the advanced market system, give full play to the existing geographical and resource advantages, and vigorously develop the export-oriented economy. Do a good job in port layout planning and improve urban environmental functions. Land should fully tap the potential, improve the utilization rate, rationally adjust the land use structure, and give full play to the opening function of ports.
2. Zoning of three-dimensional development of tourism and fishery
This area is mainly distributed along the Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers, and its administrative divisions are subordinate to Luobei, Tongjiang, Fuyuan, Raohe and other cities and counties. Because it is close to the port, it not only has the advantage of fishing, but also has the advantage of tourism. Therefore, the development of fishery should be combined with the development of tourism to form a three-dimensional development model.
The development planning of this region should follow the premise of exploiting the resource advantages of the whole region, so that economic development can meet the needs of different levels of markets, and resource advantages can be transformed into economic advantages to maximize economic benefits. Therefore, the development of cities and towns depends on the advantages of regional resources, and regional economy depends on the guidance and radiation of urban economy. Adhere to the principle of industrial development, take a three-dimensional development path, and build a tourism industry system including tourist attractions, travel agencies, tourist hotels, tourism transportation, production and sales of tourism facilities and equipment, tourism commodity production and sales, tourism culture and entertainment. Adhere to the development principle of market-oriented and relying on resource advantages, form a series of characteristic tourism products, establish a one-stop management system with large backbone enterprises as the leader and integrating tourism, shopping, catering, life and entertainment, and set up tourism enterprise groups when conditions are ripe to improve scale efficiency; Adhere to the principle of diversified investment, implement the combination of national, local, departmental, collective and individual cooperation, self-reliance and utilization of foreign capital, build a new tourism investment system, and vigorously develop tourism productivity; Adhere to the principle of socialized service, improve the efficient and convenient socialized and market-oriented tourism service network, and form a market element system of division of labor and cooperation, mutual assistance and complementarity in tour guide, consultation, transportation, accommodation, shopping and entertainment; Adhere to the principle of paying equal attention to environmental protection and resource development and utilization, and the development of tourism resources and facilities should be planned, implemented and developed simultaneously with environmental protection; Adhere to the principle of moderately advanced development, on the premise of basically coordinating with the development of local national economy-related industries, the development speed is faster than the average speed of local national economy development, and the overall development level and input-output ratio of industries are significantly higher than other industries; Adhere to the policy of "two civilizations", strengthen the construction of spiritual civilization in the industry, correct unhealthy practices in the industry, and strive to create a team of workers with excellent ideas, business, style and discipline.
(4) nature reserves
By the end of 2002, famous national and provincial nature reserves such as Honghe, Jiejinshan, Sanjiang, Changlin Island, Bird's Nest Island, Qixinghe River and the lower reaches of Naoli River had been built in the whole region. Planning and construction of Luobei Shuichengzi, calka Shilin, Liushu Island and Wutonghe. City and county nature reserves include Huachuan Susu Ecological Reserve, Fujin Xinglong, Jinshan, Selin, Sanhuanpao and Lianhuapao Wetland Nature Reserve, Tongjiang Lianhuapao and Bachadao Wetland Nature Reserve, Fuyuan Christina Lotus Nature Reserve and Jiamusi Sifeng Mountain Nature Reserve. However, we believe that the area, regional distribution and type structure of the existing nature reserves can not meet the needs of nature protection, are not suitable for the Sanjiang Plain with vast territory and rich resources, and are far from the needs of natural resources and biodiversity protection, which is not conducive to the implementation of the sustainable development strategy. In addition, in recent years, due to climate drought and man-made destruction, the water area of Sanjiang Plain has been shrinking year by year, and there are few forests, swamps and grasslands left. There are also some special landforms, such as remnant hills, islands, ancient rivers, sand hills, ice mounds and lakes, natural dams, etc., which have scientific research value and tourism value and should be protected so that our future generations can enjoy the beauty of nature forever. Therefore, we suggest that all forests, swamps, grasslands, residual hills, lakes, rivers and micro-landforms in this area should be protected and listed as nature reserves. The specific division includes the following five aspects: ① swamp nature reserve; ② Forest nature reserve; ③ Grassland Nature Reserve; ④ Geomorphological nature reserve; ⑤ Water Nature Reserve.