In the early days of the founding of New China, China's economic structure was irrational, its industrial structure was dominated by agriculture, its urbanization level was low, and the gap between urban and rural areas was large. Over the past 65 years, China's economic structure has been gradually optimized. The industrial structure has been continuously upgraded, from a backward agricultural country to a world manufacturing power, and it is transforming into a service-oriented economy.
After the reform and opening up, China's industrial strength and competitiveness have been further enhanced. "Made in China" is world-renowned, with the industrial structure moving from single to complete and from low-end manufacturing to high-end manufacturing. According to World Bank data, the added value of China's manufacturing industry currently accounts for 20.8% of the world.
The service industry has a good momentum of development, and the industrial development shows a new trend of changing from industry-led to service-led in 20 13 years. The added value of the tertiary industry rose to 46. 1% of GDP, surpassing the secondary industry for the first time and becoming the largest industry in the national economy. At the same time, China's ownership structure, income distribution structure, regional structure and urban-rural structure have also undergone profound changes.
With the rapid development of non-public economy, the income sources of residents are increasingly diversified, the development of central and western regions is accelerated, the trend of coordinated development between urban and rural areas is obvious, and the level of urbanization is constantly improving. In 20 13 years, China's urbanization rate reached 53.73%, which was 43.09 percentage points higher than that of 1949.
2. The supply capacity of goods and services has been greatly improved.
In the early days of the founding of New China, the shortage of commodities was a prominent problem in China. After 65 years of rapid development, an industrial system with complete categories and reasonable layout has been basically established, and the supply capacity of goods and services has been greatly enhanced. The steady improvement of comprehensive agricultural production capacity has not only successfully solved the problem of feeding the world15 population, but also made outstanding contributions to world food security.
Grain output reached 6001.94 million tons, 4.3 times that of 1.949. In 20 13 years, the output of cereals, seed cotton, peanuts, tea and fruits ranked first in the world. The supply of major industrial products has achieved a historic leap from relying heavily on imports to meeting world demand. According to the data of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, China's industrial competitiveness index ranks seventh among 136 countries.
The net export of manufacturing ranks first in the world. According to the international standard industrial classification, among the 22 categories, China ranks first in 7 categories, and the output of more than 220 industrial products such as steel, cement and automobiles ranks first in the world. The long-term lagging development of the service industry has gradually improved. Traditional service industries, such as wholesale and retail, transportation and so on, are increasingly prosperous, while emerging service industries, such as real estate and finance, are in the ascendant.
3. Infrastructure and basic industries have advanced by leaps and bounds.
In the early days of the founding of New China, China's infrastructure and basic industries were weak, which seriously restricted the development of industrial and agricultural production and the improvement of people's lives. Over the past 65 years, China's infrastructure and basic industries have advanced by leaps and bounds, and the bottlenecks in agriculture, energy, transportation, post and telecommunications have been continuously eased, forming a comparative advantage. The construction of farmland water conservancy has achieved remarkable results, and the ability to defend against floods and natural disasters has been significantly enhanced.
The effective irrigation area in China increased from 1952 to19.96 million hectares in 20013 to 63.47 million hectares, and the total power of agricultural machinery increased from1800,000 kilowatts to1039.07 million kilowatts. The energy production capacity has changed from weak to strong, making it the largest energy producer in the world. The total energy production in 20 13 years is 3.4 billion tons of standard coal, which is 42 times higher than that in 1949, with an average annual increase of 8. 1%. Traffic construction.
The operating mileage of railways reached 103 10000 km, 3.7 times higher than that of 1949, ranking second in the world, among which the operating mileage of high-speed railways exceeded 10000 km, ranking first in the world; Highway mileage (excluding village roads) was 4.356 million kilometers, an increase of 53.0 times, of which expressway mileage10.04 million kilometers ranked second in the world; The cargo throughput of major coastal ports above designated size is 7.28 billion tons, 22.5 times higher than that of 1985.
Ranked first in the world for many years. The post and telecommunications industry has developed rapidly, and the basic network of modern information and communication has been initially established. The total post and telecommunications business increased from 258 million yuan in 1949 to 20 million yuan in13 years, with an average annual growth of 17.0% at comparable prices. From scratch, the number of mobile phone users reached 1, 229,654,38+0,654,38+0,000. With the rapid development of multimedia communication, the scale of Internet is growing.
People's living standard has changed dramatically.
In the early days of the founding of New China, people lived in extreme poverty. Over the past 65 years, the party and the state have always regarded improving people's livelihood as the fundamental starting point and foothold. People's life is moving towards the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way, from basically eliminating poverty to solving food and clothing and then realizing a well-off society as a whole. The scale of employment is constantly expanding.
There are 769.77 million employed people in China, 2.7 times that of the end of 1952; Among them, 382.4 million people were employed in cities and towns, an increase of 14.4 times. A large number of rural surplus labor forces are transferred to non-agricultural industries in an orderly manner. In 20 13, the total number of migrant workers reached 268.94 million. The income of urban and rural residents has doubled.
The per capita disposable income of urban residents is 26,955 yuan, which is 3 times higher than that of 1978, with an average annual growth rate of 7.4%. The per capita net income of rural residents is 8896 yuan, which is 1 1.9 times higher than 1978, with an average annual growth rate of 7.6%. The balance of residents' savings deposits reached 44,760.2 billion yuan, 2 124 times higher than the end of 1978, with an average annual growth rate of 24.5%.
The quality of life of residents has improved significantly. The Engel coefficient of urban households decreased from 42.6% in 1956 to 35.0% in 20 13, and that of rural households decreased from 68.6% in 1954 to 37.7% in 20 13. The social security system has been continuously improved, basically achieving full coverage.
5. Great progress has been made in social undertakings.
In the early days of the founding of New China, China's social undertakings were weak and low-level, which made it difficult to meet the needs of the people. After 65 years of development, social undertakings have made great progress, and the coordination of social and economic development has been continuously enhanced. Great progress has been made in education, realizing the transformation from a big country with illiteracy to a big country with human resources.
The gross enrollment rate of higher education in China reached 34.5%, and the number of college students nationwide reached 24.68 million, an increase of 27.8 times compared with 1978. /kloc-the average years of education of the population aged 0/5 and above increased from 5.3 years in 1982 to 9.3 years in 20 13. With the rapid development of science and technology, China has become a world-recognized science and technology power.
Research and experimental development of the whole society (R&; D) Expenditure1184.7 billion yuan, 33 times higher than 1995, with an average annual increase of 21.6%; R & ampd expenditure accounts for 2.08% of GDP, which is higher than 1.995 by 1.5 1 percentage point. With the implementation of manned space flight and lunar exploration project, China has become one of the few countries that independently master advanced space technology.
Remarkable achievements have been made in medical and health undertakings, and the people's health level has been significantly improved. The average life expectancy of residents has increased from 35 years before the founding of New China to 74.8 years in 20 10; The infant mortality rate decreased from 200‰ to 9.5‰ in 20 13 years. In addition, great progress has been made in the development of culture, sports and environmental protection, which has greatly improved people's living standards and China's international influence.
Baidu Encyclopedia-People's Republic of China (PRC)