Let's start with the Soviet Union.
It was at the beginning of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, and the Soviet Union was in a leading position in the space race. However, in choosing the development direction of electronic technology, the Soviet Union has long had a soft spot for relatively old electron tube technology, instead of focusing on more advanced transistor and integrated circuit (chip) technology. In addition, the Soviet Union has been trying to make the electron tube smaller to improve its electronic technology.
After World War II, the electronics industry was once regarded as a military high-tech industry by the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union not only attached great importance to its own electronics industry, but also strictly managed it. At the same time, in order to make its military weapons and equipment more simple, reliable, mature and easy to produce, the Soviet Union feels that the electron tube technology is very mature, and it is easy to develop high-power electronic components by using this technology. Simply focus on the research direction of miniaturization of electron tubes. In addition, in the process of selecting analog circuits and digital circuits, Soviet technical experts analyzed that analog circuits are more mature and more suitable for electron tubes, so they vigorously developed analog circuits with operational amplifiers as the core.
The Soviet Union chose electron tube technology, and Soviet leader Khrushchev supported it. Some media quoted Khrushchev as saying: "The survival performance of vacuum tubes under nuclear electromagnetic pulse is better than that of transistors. The Soviet Union will not make any transistors in the future. We should focus on the miniaturization of vacuum tubes. " At that time, combined with the Soviet system at that time, Khrushchev's remarks were equivalent to the death penalty for transistor technology.
Later, in the mid-1970s, some engineers and technicians in the Soviet Union finally realized that the miniaturization of vacuum tubes had basically come to an end. If the volume of the vacuum tube is reduced by another order of magnitude, the cost will be astronomical. Integrated circuits developed by the United States and other western countries have been able to integrate 6,543,800+0.4 million transistors on a 0.5-square-centimeter silicon wafer. The Soviet Union spent a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources, and it took almost 10 years to prove a truth to the world: the miniaturization of electron tubes was ultimately inferior to that of transistor integrated circuits. Some people even draw an inference from this that the Soviet Union made a mistake in the strategy of scientific and technological development, which is one of the reasons why the Soviet Union gradually fell behind in the Cold War.
Later, on a global scale, the United States was in a leading position in the integrated circuit chip industry, and then seized the opportunity of the information technology revolution, leaving the Soviet Union far behind in the military and civilian electronic technology industries, relying on the information technology industry to create a strong market demand. The industrial structure of the United States has been successfully upgraded. The Soviet Union missed the leading edge of the information technology industry, and its own industrial upgrading lacked corresponding technical support, and even became a major exporter of resources such as oil and gas in the world.
However, it was also suggested that the Soviet Union did not completely ignore transistor technology. For example, in 1950, the Soviet Union developed the first transistor, in 1953, the Soviet Union developed the first large computer with transistors as part of its components, in 1957, the Soviet Union developed the first silicon transistor, and in 196 1 year, the Soviet Union developed it. For another example, at that time, the theoretical research level of the Soviet Union in the field of semiconductors was actually quite high, and even in the design of some electronic components, it had a deep foundation and accomplishments.
Later, the United States
The United States occupies a leading position in the integrated circuit industry. In addition to the strong support for the local semiconductor integrated circuit industry in the early years, as well as the market-oriented (competitive) environment and industrial chain support, the United States itself also has some great integrated circuit technical talents. William Shockley, the "father of transistors", was born in Britain and has lived, studied, worked and started a business in the United States since he was three years old. Jack kilby, the "father of integrated circuits", was born and raised in the United States and worked in Texas Instruments. Robert noyce, one of the founders of Intel * * *, was born and raised in the United States, which is a legend in the industry.
From 65438 to 0955, william shockley left Bell Laboratories and returned to his hometown of Santa Clara, Silicon Valley, where he founded Shockley Semiconductor Laboratories. In the second year, robert noyce, Gordon Moore, Blank, Claire, Henny, Raster, Roberts and Grinik, eight young scientists who were all under 30 years old, came to Silicon Valley from the eastern United States in succession because they admired william shockley's name and started a career with William Shockley. Later, these eight young talents chose to part ways with william shockley. Fairchild Semiconductor 1957 was founded in Silicon Valley. William Shockley called these eight men "Eight Rebellions", and later changed his mind and called them "Eight Genius Rebellions".
Quote a passage on the Internet: "Fairchild Semiconductor used to be the largest, most innovative and exciting semiconductor company in the world, which laid a solid foundation for the growth of Silicon Valley. More importantly, this company has trained thousands of technical and management talents for Silicon Valley, and it is the "West Point Military Academy" in the electronics and computer industries. There have been groups of elite talents who have walked out of this company and written the glorious history of Silicon Valley. "
By 1967, Fairchild's annual turnover reached $200 million, which was an astronomical figure at that time. According to a Dr. China who once entered Fairchild Semiconductor, "Once you enter Fairchild Semiconductor, you will enter the gate of Silicon Valley semiconductor industry". It was during this period that the crisis of Fairchild Semiconductor gradually emerged. Claire, Henny and Roberts in Eight Rebellions were the first to leave Fairchild Semiconductor to start their own businesses. After that, Glass also left Fairchild Semiconductor with several people to start a business. 1968, the last two of the "Eight Rebellions", namely robert noyce and Gordon Moore, left Fairchild Semiconductor with Grove and founded Intel in Silicon Valley. In addition, after Jerry Sanders came out from Fairchild Semiconductor, he co-founded AMD with seven people in Silicon Valley 1969. As for the later development history of Intel and AMD in the integrated circuit industry, I will skip it here.
To sum up, it can be concluded that the United States can breed microprocessor manufacturers like Intel and AMD, which should be inseparable from its market-oriented environment, innovative talent elite and supporting industrial system.
There is a movie, Stalin's death, when Stalin was seriously ill, there were no doctors in the city, but they were all in prison. The Soviet Union has the most powerful weapon, because this is the demand of the ruling group. What about the needs of ordinary people? The bakeries are empty. American emperor is very awesome. The best black players are in the NBA, the Jews who make good money are in Wall Street, and the Indians who are most suitable as code farmers are in Silicon Valley. Talk show star businessman who keeps his word enters the White House.
When you talk about Intel and AMD, have you ever paid attention to the main years of the rise of American enterprises such as Apple and Microsoft? In the 1980s, after the 1980s, until the Clinton era in the 1990s, American science and technology made great progress in genome mapping and information superhighway. These jumps are so concentrated, there must be some trigger, so what is it? A trite bill, Baidu Bill.
The Bayh-Dole bill was proposed by US Senators Birch Bayh and Robert Dole, passed by Congress on 1980, and revised on 1984. Before Byzantine Act, all government-funded scientific research projects were owned by the government. After Byzantine Act, a large number of government patents were transferred to the private sector. In essence, the Byzantine Act opened a very important patent road, that is, the commercialization of patents, which also revitalized a large number of patented technologies in American universities.
We know that patent protection is essentially to reward R&D's behavior through a period of monopoly, which leads to excessive investment in R&D, and we have acquired many future technologies. However, in R&D, the input-output ratio is obviously emphasized. In some areas, personal investment is not enough, such as landing on the moon, and the people did not have this demand at first, so this research was promoted by the government from the beginning. However, although these patents have been developed, no one has considered applying them to civilian products. Therefore, all countries are trying to revitalize these patents through incentives, and the results of the Baidu Act in the United States show that it has been done. At present, many start-ups in the United States come from university campuses, use campus facilities to obtain a large number of patents, and then sell them through patent commercialization institutions specially set up on campus, whether in the form of occupying company shares or buyout, and give them to the market for patent development, and then the campus gets more funds for more research and development.
Why didn't chip companies appear in the Soviet Union? In fact, a large number of technologies are realized through technology accumulation, and so are chips. It is not easy to obtain a multi-level research foundation. And can intellectual property rights be privately owned in the Soviet era? This question basically does not need to be answered. That's a planned economy. On a certain level, patent law does not exist, so the research and development results are targeted and state-owned, regardless of market demand. Even if the Soviet Union encourages and rewards scientists for research and development, these technologies are still not practical. Many technologies are not commercialized, but lie there and become profit-making tools.
It's like studying in those days, you can always learn the subjects you are interested in well, but you can't learn the subjects you are not interested in well, because interest is essentially motivated by doing well. From the motive, it is obvious that the efficiency of the United States is much higher than that of the Soviet Union. In the Russian era, not only the gap between national strength and the United States widened, but also the gap between science and technology was huge, which was laid by the early Soviet Union.
Draw lessons from the Soviet Union. Don't listen to partial decisions, don't blindly exclude emerging technologies, be forward-looking and have enough sense of being ahead of the times. Therefore, when the scale of development, construction and application of wheel-rail high-speed railway reaches its peak, China should not think that only wheel-rail high-speed railway is the best and most reliable, but should slow down the research and instantiation development and application of atmospheric high-speed maglev train technology and vacuum pipeline maglev train technology. Many people have hope and confidence in the research of vacuum pipeline ultra-high-speed train. Policymakers and scientific research fields should be more sober and calm than ordinary netizens, and unswervingly follow the world's high-end and forward-looking technologies, instead of waiting for others to feel reliable before catching up, and it is too late to catch up when others really realize their applications. Therefore, the research and development of China atmospheric high-speed maglev train and vacuum pipeline ultra-high-speed flying car can't stop for a moment, so don't be disturbed and influenced by network noise to slow down the pace of research and development and instantiation!
As the only superpower that can compete with the United States after World War II, the former Soviet Union has always been at a disadvantage compared with the United States in comprehensive national strength, but it can be said that it is not easy to give up in science, technology and military affairs. However, the so-called "high-end industries" have emerged in the United States, such as world-famous passenger aircraft manufacturers, world-class automobile manufacturers and world-leading information technology giants. The former Soviet Union was relatively deficient in this respect. So from time to time, someone will ask: "Why is the XX technology in the Soviet Union so powerful, but there is no world-class XX industry?"
The absence of Intel and AMD in the former Soviet Union is not an isolated incident and should be interpreted in this context. In a sense, the advanced technology of the former Soviet Union has not been transformed into corresponding industries, which is one of the reasons why the former Soviet Union failed in the Cold War and eventually disintegrated.
Although there are many reasons for the backwardness of the former Soviet Union in the information technology industry. For example, the choice of technical route, market capacity and so on will have an impact. However, one thing is very important, and that is the national thinking of the former Soviet Union.
During the Cold War, the former Soviet Union had strong scientific and technological strength. However, the former Soviet Union was bent on fighting against the United States, and domestic construction could not keep up. China has been advocating "expanding domestic demand" in recent years. To put it bluntly, it is to increase people's income, so that people can spend money, and then promote the development of the market and the prosperity of the country. This idea is very similar to the American strategy. Through the combination of military and civilian, mutual promotion, not only improved the lives of ordinary people, but also enhanced the national strength. State input can produce more output, which is an investment behavior. Relatively speaking, the former Soviet Union put too much energy into the promotion of military strength and the display of great power. A large amount of state investment is simply a consumption, even a waste. When this situation changes, the strength gap will inevitably widen. Although the former Soviet Union narrowed the gap with the United States by extreme means in a certain period of time, it had to be defeated in the end. This kind of thinking, which overemphasizes confrontation and tries to defeat opponents instead of strengthening itself to ensure hegemony, is an important spiritual core of the Cold War thinking.
In addition, the planned economy implemented by the former Soviet Union, compared with the market economy, itself is not conducive to industrial development, which is also an important reason why the powerful technology of the former Soviet Union is difficult to transform into advanced industries. However, the planned economy itself is a result of the thinking of the former Soviet Union. So in the final analysis, it is a question of national thinking or a question of national development policy.
The heavy industry of the former Soviet Union, especially the military industry, was very developed, but it failed to be transformed into civilian industry, and the huge military expenditure became a serious burden. On the other hand, Americans are much smarter. They actively try to industrialize military technology with economic value. Taking the global positioning system (and the satellite navigation system developed from it) as an example, the GPS in the United States has been successfully popularized all over the world, while the similar GLONASS in the former Soviet Union/Russia has almost only military value.
Although the United States allows people all over the world to use GPS for free, Americans have inherent advantages in developing GPS-based industrial chains. In addition, the promotion of the national image brought about by this is far more deeply rooted in the hearts of the people than such a big event as landing on the moon. Americans do spend a lot of money on developing global positioning/navigation systems, but the returns are amazing. In contrast, the former Soviet Union and its successor, Russian georgiana, had much smaller returns. The same story happened in other fields.
The United States has invested a lot of money in technology research and development, and at the same time, it is trying to put some technologies into civilian use, so that scientific research results can become the driving force of economic output, so as to continuously expand investment. The former Soviet Union invested a lot in technical research, but the output was very small, and it did not form a good development model. Therefore, although the former Soviet Union is driven by the strong will of the country, it can compete with the United States at the national level (especially military strength). The whole country is trying to develop key projects, which will inevitably lead to the lack of development of other industries. Therefore, the extremely developed military industry and the stagnant civilian industry are not contradictory, but closely related. At this time, it is not difficult to understand why there is no big aircraft industry in the former Soviet Union and there is no microprocessor giant like Intel. Because all the energy is mainly invested in the military industry, naturally there is not enough ability to do a good job in the civilian industry.
There are many reasons why there is no microprocessor industry company like Intel AMD in the Soviet Union. Personally, there are the following aspects: first, the planned economy system in the former Soviet Union restricted people's thinking and creativity; The second is the focus of scientific research. The former Soviet Union always wanted to dominate and attached importance to the development of aircraft cannons that looked very tall. The third is the problem of national thinking, which is of course also caused by traditional culture and education. For example, science fiction movies account for a large proportion in American movies!
It has something to do with the system and the soil. The social system of the Soviet Union made people work hard for national and social justice, ignoring human nature. Too extreme. The United States is very free, so a free country is flexible and jumping. Say a chestnut.
UNIX operating system is the ancestor of Linux today, and it is also the original ancestor of Android and iOS. Nowadays, many large servers are in use. But this Dongdong was first created by two inventors to play games. In order to play games, a language was developed and a system was built with this language. In the end, just to play games, idle eggs killed two people. The specific story is even more interesting. The government's idle computers, in order to play games, finally made a big deal.
Such a story could not have been born in the Soviet Union. This is a typical idleness and a typical lazy behavior. If the disciplinary department finds out, they will be criticized, reviewed and expelled from D, but in American reality, these two people have created the future and become a story.
Our real problem is nothing more than that. Everything depends on the will of the country, and we concentrate on doing great things. What can be ignored?
Don't believe those so-called system lies. There are too many good things in the Soviet Union, but the western countries have carried them forward. In theory, western countries have to pay a lot of patent fees to the Soviet Union, but the Soviet Union disintegrated. Soviet authorities don't recognize those patents!
To tell the truth, Soviet patents can support at least two Russians!
For example, mobile phones, such as Pepsi, such as personal computers, such as Samaranch.
Not only did there not exist such information enterprises in the Soviet Union, but people didn't even know what famous enterprises existed in the Soviet Union. There are "state-owned oil companies" and "state-owned steel companies" in the Soviet Union. Some are enterprises and some are government agencies. At first, social resources could be concentrated and developed, and then they fell into the rigidity of bureaucratic system.
If calculated by production capacity alone, these state-owned enterprises in the Soviet Union will reach the world precedent. For example, Soviet Airlines was the company with the largest transportation mileage in the world at that time, much larger than Pan Am and so on. But it is not a real enterprise at all, but a national institution.
The Soviet Union also established state-owned semiconductor companies and so on. However, because they are not independent enterprises, with the disintegration of the Soviet Union, these state institutions no longer exist, and assets are split and purchased by oligarchs.
Because the United States has been making progress, such an industry will appear. The Soviet Union gives people the impression that it is a superficially powerful country. In fact, it has been resting on its laurels and has been regressing. When Russia was Russia before. It can be said that celebrities come forth in large numbers, no matter Mendeleev in science, Tolstoy, Turgenev and Dostoevsky in literature, they are not inferior to Western Europe. Wellington, who was unremarkable militarily, casually defeated Napoleon. Later, there were no figures after the Soviet Union, and world celebrities were political products. The CPU is a completely technical thing, and the United States does not know how much manpower and material resources it has invested in basic work for research and development. It is not a simple utilitarian product that Soviet leaders can make with two shouts.