1 The significance of developing green buildings
It can be seen from the concept of green buildings that green buildings emphasize the harmony and unity with nature, choose renewable materials, and The damage to the natural environment is reduced to a minimum, energy-saving materials are used, and local conditions are adopted. During the building design and construction process, attention is paid to saving resources, while also meeting human use conditions, and striving to provide healthy, efficient and suitable use spaces. It is of vital significance to the development of green buildings in our country. Mainly reflected in: ① effectively reducing the excessive use of resources; ② reducing pollution emissions and improving environmental conditions; ③ promoting the sustainable development of my country's construction industry [3, 4].
2 Externalities and market failure of green buildings
2.1 There are externalities in green buildings. The application of ordinary buildings usually brings about a certain degree of environmental degradation and excessive consumption. Energy, however, green buildings can maintain or even improve the entire ecological environment system and reduce excessive waste of energy and resources. Since green buildings follow the green ecological concept and use a large number of relatively advanced green building technical measures, and also include some cost inputs for research and demonstration, consumers or producers of ordinary buildings will not benefit from this and Corresponding remuneration paid to consumers or producers of green buildings. Because the social benefits of green buildings far exceed the private benefits of green building producers or consumers, green buildings have externalities.
2.2 "Market Failure" of Green Buildings Under a complete market mechanism, whether producers or consumers of green buildings produce or consume green buildings is determined by the principle of maximizing personal income. Compared with ordinary buildings, green buildings have strong external economics. However, under the current technical level, the investment cost of green buildings is high, and the investment made by both consumers and producers is far less than that of ordinary buildings. comprehensive benefits to the whole society. As a result, the social marginal benefit is much greater than that of the private sector, leading to the phenomenon of "market failure". There are two types of buildings in the construction market: green buildings and ordinary buildings. The distance between any point on the abscissa in Figure 1 and point L represents the market allocation quantity of green buildings, and the distance to point O represents the market allocation quantity of ordinary buildings. The total market demand is represented by OL.
Curves MSR1 and MR1 refer to the marginal social benefit curve and marginal private benefit curve of producing or using green buildings, while MSR2 and MR2 refer to the marginal social benefit curve and marginal private benefit curve of producing or using ordinary buildings. If the externality of green buildings does not exist, under the action of the market mechanism, the market allocation of ordinary buildings and green buildings will reach equilibrium at a certain point in time. This equilibrium point is the intersection E of MR1 and MR2. At point E Above, the equilibrium quantity of green buildings is Q1L, and the equilibrium quantity of ordinary buildings is Q1O. In view of the externalities of green buildings themselves, the optimal configuration balance point of ordinary buildings and green buildings should be at the intersection point F of curves MSR1 and MSR2. This intersection corresponds to the green building market where the equilibrium quantity per capita is Q*L, and the equilibrium quantity per capita of ordinary buildings is Q*O.
At Q*, the personal marginal benefit of the producers and consumers of green buildings is P1; while at this time, the personal marginal benefit of the producers and consumers of ordinary buildings is P2. There is a gap Q*Q1 between the automatic allocation of the market and the optimal allocation of green buildings in society, which leads to the personal marginal income of ordinary building consumers and producers and the personal marginal income of green building consumers or producers. There is a price difference in income, that is, ΔP=P2-P1. However, for consumers or producers of green buildings, because they cannot internalize their external benefits, the Q* point moves towards the Q1 point, resulting in "market failure" for green buildings. The market allocation of green buildings cannot reach the optimal level of society.
3 Elimination of externalities of green buildings
3.1 Economic principles According to economic theory, the best way to eliminate the externalities of green buildings is government subsidies to achieve the goals of green buildings. The externalities should be internalized, which means that we should try to improve the initiative of consumers or producers of green buildings through measures to internalize external benefits. Assume that VP represents the personal benefits of consumers or producers of green buildings, and VS represents the benefits of the whole society. If the external income is greater than zero, then VP＜VS; if the personal costs of consumers or producers of green buildings are greater than personal income rather than social income, that is, VP＜CP＜VS, although from the optimal allocation needs of the entire society It seems that there is a need to vigorously develop green buildings, but the producers or consumers of green buildings lack enthusiasm, and the development level of green buildings will be lower than the optimal level expected by society.
3.2 Analysis of compensation methods According to economic theory, under market economy conditions, it is a feasible method to subsidize green building producers or consumers through effective mechanisms. The level of individual marginal benefit should be allowed to increase to the level of social marginal benefit. At this time, whether it is a subsidy for producers or a subsidy for consumers, as long as the subsidies are equal, the effect of the subsidy behavior is the same. (1) Subsidies to producers. In Figure 2, if the demand curve of green buildings is represented by D, the supply curve of green buildings is represented by S, and the equilibrium point of the social market is represented by E0. At this time, the equilibrium price corresponding to E0 is P0, and the equilibrium The output is Q0. If it is assumed that the government's subsidies to producers can reduce the marginal cost borne by individual producers to S1, and the intersection point E2 of the output demand curve of green buildings and the newly formed marginal cost curve is determined, then the corresponding The output and price are Q1 and P2 respectively. The total amount of government subsidies is (L×Q1) (ie: the area of ??the rectangle P2E2P1E1). The price drops from P0 to P2, the consumer's unit benefit is (P0-P2), the total income is (P0-P2)×Q1, and the producer's income is L×(P0-P2), which is (P1- P0), the total income is (P1-P0)×Q1.
4 Economic means to compensate for externalities of green buildings
(1) Tax and credit preferences. Tax and credit preferences are the main economic means to internalize externalities. For green building production companies, tax preferential policies such as reduction and exemption of business tax, income tax, and urban infrastructure supporting fees can be adopted, or low-interest loan policies can be adopted to encourage them to actively develop Green building. For consumers of green buildings, appropriate discounts on home purchase loan interest rates, property tax exemptions and other preferential measures can be economically compensated for externalities and continue to encourage consumers to choose green buildings.
(2) Financial investment and subsidies. The government is the leader in the promotion of green buildings and needs to increase financial investment in green buildings. The focus of financial investment is to increase support for innovative research and development of green buildings, increase investment in scientific research on key green building technologies, technology integration innovation, etc., so as to continuously reduce the production costs of green buildings. Secondly, increase investment in green building projects and the construction of centralized demonstration cities (districts) and demonstration projects, and establish financial incentives or financial subsidies. Through the establishment of green building standards and certification systems, construction projects that meet green building standards will be given Corresponding incentives or financial subsidies will continuously reduce the private marginal costs of producers or consumers of green buildings and promote the development of green buildings.
(3) Economic regulations. To ensure the smooth implementation of various economic policies related to the development of green buildings, it is not enough to simply use economic means. It is necessary to rely on the coercive power and authority of the law. Therefore, it is necessary to establish and improve my country's green building laws and regulations system, and timely introduce laws and regulations that promote green buildings and restrict ordinary buildings, so that green building laws, regulations, departmental rules and local regulations are interdependent and complementary to each other, forming a combination of the national basic law and relevant laws and regulations. A complete legal system composed of supporting regulations. Establish a corresponding patent protection system to protect the innovative achievements of actors and stimulate their innovation motivation. (4) Social funds.
Promoting the development of green buildings requires fully mobilizing the power of the whole society. Extensive participation of the public and enterprises is fundamental to ensuring the healthy development of green buildings. Actively encourage and support the establishment of industry associations, green building social welfare organizations and other non-governmental organizations, give full play to the role of social organizations, establish special green building development funds, attract and raise social idle funds to invest in the green building market, private capital can Participate in green buildings through sole proprietorship, joint venture, cooperation, donation and other forms.
(5) Other means. Develop policies to promote green building development in land transfer. Secondly, in order to promote the development of green buildings, we can study and formulate a floor area ratio incentive policy to encourage the construction of green buildings. The building area that must be increased due to the implementation of green building technologies or the implementation of green building renovations may not be included in the floor area ratio after identification. On the premise of complying with urban planning and ensuring safety, an appropriate increase in floor area ratio is allowed. In addition, during the project bidding process, green construction methods and means can be used as important evaluation indicators, and comprehensive use of land concessions, floor area ratio concessions, preferential bidding policies and other means to promote the healthy development of green buildings.
5 Conclusion
Developing green buildings, maximizing energy saving, water saving, land saving, material saving, reducing pollution, and environmental protection are the key to changing the development direction of the construction industry and changing urban and rural construction. The fundamental approach to model issues is directly related to the sustainable development of the national economy. The development of green buildings has become the common sense of the whole society. Although the number of green buildings in China is increasing rapidly, a long-term mechanism to support the energy saving and emission reduction of buildings and the development of green building structures has not yet been established. Therefore, the importance of green buildings There are still many difficulties in promotion. The development of green buildings has strong external economics. Under current conditions, it is still very difficult to increase the enthusiasm of consumers and producers of green buildings. Only by rationally using various economic incentives such as financial investment, tax incentives, and credit support can the development of green buildings be effectively promoted.
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