On December 23, 1947, the first transistor was born at Bell Labs. Since then, mankind has entered the rapidly developing electronic age. But it was not necessarily a good thing for Kilby, who had been interested in electronic technology since he was a child: the invention of the transistor invalidated all the tube technology courses Kilby had taken in college. But this did not diminish the young man's enthusiasm for electronic technology, but instead strengthened his path.
Perhaps this was God's will. In 1958, ten years after the invention of the transistor, 34-year-old Kilby joined Texas Instruments. Speaking of why he chose Texas Instruments in the first place, Kilby wrote lightly: "Because it is the only company that allows me to spend almost all of my time studying the miniaturization of electronic devices, and it provides me with a lot of time and good experimental conditions." It was the hothouse of Texas Instruments that gave birth to Kilby's unparalleled achievements.
Although engineers of that era were inspired by the invention of the transistor and began to try to design high-speed computers, the problem has not been completely solved: electronic devices assembled from transistors are still too bulky, and the circuits designed by engineers It requires several miles of wiring and millions of solder joints, so you can imagine how difficult it is to build. As for personal computer ownership, it is an unattainable dream. In response to this situation, Kilby put forward a bold idea: "Can resistors, capacitors, transistors and other electronic components be placed on a single semiconductor chip?" In this way, the size of the entire circuit will be greatly reduced, so this The new engineer started experimenting with a simple integrated circuit called a phase-shifting oscillator.
On September 12, 1958, Kilby developed the world's first integrated circuit, successfully realizing the concept of integrating electronic devices on a piece of semiconductor material, and passed the approval of Texas Instruments executives Inspection by management. Please remember this day, integrated circuits replaced transistors, paved the way for the development of various functions of electronic products, greatly reduced costs, made the emergence of microprocessors possible, and ushered in a new era in the history of electronic technology, It made possible the emergence of all the electronic products we take for granted now.
Great inventions and figures will always be verified and remembered by history. In 2000, Kilby won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the integrated circuit. This honor has become even more precious after forty-two years of testing, and it is the full recognition of Kilby's great invention by the entire human race. The evaluation of the Nobel Prize Jury Committee is simple: "It laid the foundation for modern information technology."
“I think there are a few people whose work changed the world and the way we live—Henry Ford, Thomas Edison, the Wright Brothers, and Jack Kilby. If there was one "The first invention that not only revolutionized our industry, but also changed the world we live in, is Jack's invention of the integrated circuit." Perhaps Tom Engibs, chairman of the board of directors of Texas Instruments, has the most concise and powerful evaluation of Kilby's contribution. Note that Kilby's photo now hangs with Edison's photo in the National Inventors Hall of Honor.
Robert Noyce is a wizard in science and business. He invented the commercially produced integrated circuit based on Kilby's work, which brought the semiconductor industry from the "invention era" to the "commercial era". At the same time, he also co-founded two of the greatest companies in Silicon Valley: one is Fairchild, which was once known as the "Whampoa Military Academy" in the semiconductor industry, and the other is the largest technology company that designs and produces semiconductors in the world. Giant Intel Corporation.
Robert Noyce, who lived in the United States during the Great Depression, has always been a "do-it-yourselfer". When he was 12 years old, he and his second brother built a hang glider. When they were 13, they built a car using an old gasoline engine that had been discarded from the family's washing machine. He and his friends even built a crude radio transceiver to send messages to each other. Of course, Noyce's biggest invention in his life was the commercially produced integrated circuit.
In July 1959, Noyce developed a silicon dioxide diffusion technology and a PN junction isolation technology, and creatively made aluminum strip connections on the oxide film to make components and wires Integrated into one, thus laying a solid foundation for the planar manufacturing process of semiconductor integrated circuits and industrial mass production.
Unlike Kilby who developed integrated circuits on germanium wafers, Noyce set his sights directly on silicon, one of the most abundant elements on earth, with greater commercial value and lower cost. Since then, a large number of semiconductor devices have been manufactured and commercialized, venture capital has begun to appear, semiconductor start-up companies have emerged, more integrated circuits with stronger functions and more complex structures have been invented, and the semiconductor industry has entered the "commercial era" from the "invention era".
Of course, this "commercial era" also gave birth to Noyce's greatest achievement: in 1968, Noyce left Fairchild (Fairchild), once known as the "Whampoa Military Academy" in the semiconductor industry. It has given birth to famous companies in today's semiconductor industry including Intel, AMD, National Semiconductor, etc.), together with Gordon Moore and Andy Grove, founded Intel (Intel). Gordon Moore was born on January 3, 1929 in a small town south of San Francisco. He received a doctorate in physical chemistry in 1954. In 1956, he founded the legendary Fairchild Company with Noyce and was mainly responsible for Technology research and development. After Noyce resigned in 1968, Gordon Moore followed and co-founded Intel, becoming the company's president and CEO in 1975.
In 1965, one day Moore left the silicon crystal workshop, sat down, took a ruler and a piece of paper, and drew a sketch. The vertical axis represents the continuously developing chip, and the horizontal axis is time. The result is a very regular geometric growth. This discovery was published in the 35th issue of "Electronics" magazine that year. This inadvertent work is also the most significant paper in the history of semiconductors to date. Moore points out: The circuit density of microprocessor chips, and therefore its potential computing power, doubles every other year. This was the prototype of "Moore's Law" that later became famous in the IT world. To make this description more accurate, Moore made some corrections in 1975, adjusting the doubling time from one year to two years. In fact, the later more accurate time was the average of the two: 18 months. "Moore's Law" is not a concise law of natural science. Intel Corporation, which respects it as its development policy, has achieved great commercial success, and the microprocessor has become the best embodiment of Moore's Law, with Moore's own influence. Fame and wealth double every 18 months.
At that time, integrated circuits had only been around for 6 years. Moore's lab could only integrate 50 transistors and resistors on one chip. Moore's prediction at the time sounded like science fiction; since then, technical experts have continued to believe that chip integration "has reached its peak." But it turns out that Moore's prediction is accurate. The most advanced integrated circuits following Moore's Law currently contain more than 1.7 billion transistors.
The greatness of Moore's Law not only contributes to Intel's huge commercial success. Engineers in the semiconductor industry follow this law and not only double the number of transistors every 18 months, but also mean Chips with the same performance can be reduced in size and cost by half every 18 months. It can also be said that because of Moore's Law, the electronic products in our lives are becoming more and more powerful, smaller and lighter, and cheaper and cheaper.
In 1900, Moore, who had retired, received the American Technology Award from former US President Bush. Today, his name resounds in the hearts of everyone in the semiconductor industry just like the "Moore's Law" he proposed. Moore's Law is like an irresistible force of nature, ruling Silicon Valley and even the global computer industry for more than thirty years. [3]
Introduction to the packaging methods of integrated circuits
Due to the purposes, usage environment, production history and other reasons of TV, audio and video integrated circuits, they are not only complex in terms of models and specifications , and the packaging forms are also diverse.
Common packaging materials include: plastic. ceramics. Glass. Metals, etc. are now basically packaged in plastic.
According to packaging form: ordinary dual in-line, ordinary single in-line, small double-row flat, small four-row flat, round metal, larger thick film circuit, etc.
Arranged by package size: the largest is thick film circuit, followed by dual in-line, single in-line, and metal packaging. Double row flat. Four rows of flat ones are the best.
The spacing between the two pins is divided into: ordinary standard plastic package, double rows.
Single in-line type is generally 2.54±0.25mm, followed by 2mm (mostly seen in single in-line type), 1.778±0.25mm (mostly seen in reduced dual in-line type), 1.5±0.25mm, or 1.27±0.25mm (Mostly seen in single row with heat sink or single row V-shaped).1.27±0.25mm (mostly seen in dual-row flat packages).1±0.15mm (mostly seen in dual-row or four-row flat packages).0.8±0.05~0.15mm (more Seen in four-row flat packages).0.65±0.03mm (mostly seen in four-row flat packages).
The width between the two rows of dual-in-line pins is divided into: generally 7.4~7.62mm, 10.16mm, 12.7mm, 15.24mm, etc.
The width between the two columns of the dual-row flat package (including lead length: generally 6~6.5±mm. 7.6mm. 10.5~10.65mm, etc.
Four-row flat package The length × width of packages with more than 40 pins are generally: 10 × 10mm (excluding lead length). 13.6 × 13.6 ± 0.4mm ( including lead length). 20.6 × 20.6 ± 0.4mm ( including lead length). 8.45 × 8.45 ± 0.5 mm (excluding lead length). 14×14±0.15mm (excluding lead length), etc.