In recent years, I have often heard and seen such complaints in consultations and investigations all over the country: First, cucumbers, tomatoes, eggplant, peppers and other fruits and vegetables have been suffering from diseases from fruiting to seedling pulling, and various diseases overlap. The people complain that "every day medicine gets rid of the disease"; Second, the better the economic benefits of crops, the greater the input of chemical fertilizers, 400-700 kilograms of chemical fertilizers per mu, 10-20 cubic meters of chicken manure, or even 30 cubic meters. The first yield is very high, the second yield is obviously reduced, and it is getting worse and worse in the future. The people complained that "there is a problem with fertilizer, and the quality is not as good as before"; Third, three major diseases, namely damping-off disease, root rot disease and damping-off, have become the main diseases of many crops at seedling stage. When the climate is slightly "abnormal", an epidemic will break out, with a large number of trees dying and roots rotting, and people complain that "the weather is abnormal and no one can do anything about it"; Fourth, blight, verticillium wilt, root rot, soft rot, bacterial wilt, virus disease, plague, epidemic disease and so on. Fusarium wilt of various crops is not only rapid and harmful, but also difficult to treat. People complain that "pesticides are not good and there are too many fakes". In addition to the above complaints, many people still don't understand; Farmers use so much chicken manure and fertilizer to grow vegetables. Why not send a tree? "; " It's almost a month now, how can you bend a melon into a fish scale hook? " ; " All the medicines for cucumber downy mildew in our family have been used. How can I not treat it every day? " ; " I have a piece of land, including a small piece. Every year, wheat dies, so it's the same to apply fertilizer and take medicine? "It's strange that the wheat aphid gave several times the medicine for treating aphids, and the more he gave, the more he gave. The complaints and queries of ordinary people reflect two problems: 1. The prevention and control of pests and diseases urgently needs deep-seated technology and services, and the simple method of "treating the headache and treating the foot pain" can no longer meet the actual needs of agriculture. 2. Those who sell pesticides and fertilizers and those who use pesticides and fertilizers urgently need to know the root causes and countermeasures of the increasingly serious diseases and insect pests. Below, I would like to express my personal views on the "root causes and countermeasures of more and more serious pests and diseases" for the reference of agricultural technicians, drug and fertilizer distributors and agricultural producers (farmers).
The emergence of chemical fertilizers has made great contributions to the increase of crop yield. However, in recent years, in order to pursue yield, chemical fertilizers are applied blindly and excessively, and the use of organic fertilizers is neglected, which increases the input cost, but does not increase the yield. On the contrary, it has caused serious damage to the soil, including low organic matter, soil acidification, secondary salinization, soil hardening and other soil degradation phenomena, and the soil fertility is seriously insufficient.
Then the problem is coming. How can we solve these problems? As an agricultural practitioner, we should know the countermeasures.
There are four general schemes:
First, rational use of chemical fertilizers;
The second is to increase the input of organic fertilizer;
The third is to supplement beneficial bacteria (microbial agents);
Fourth, the proper use of soil conditioners.
I. Organic fertilizer
The main index of soil fertility is the content of soil organic matter. Once the soil organic matter is lacking, the beneficial microbial flora in the soil will be unbalanced. Microorganisms promote the decomposition and transformation of soil organic matter and nutrient elements, and organic matter provides nutrients and a suitable living environment for microorganisms. The relationship between them can be described as "the lips are dead and the teeth are cold." In addition, organic fertilizer also provides carbon nutrition for crops. As far as I know, most growers know the benefits of using organic fertilizer. In their words, "With organic fertilizer, the land is stronger". Since organic fertilizer is so important, why don't growers use it or invest enough? I think there are three main points:
1. Some growers don't know enough about organic fertilizer and the importance of organic fertilizer to soil fertility;
2. Organic fertilizers represented by traditional soil fertilizers and livestock manure are not very convenient to collect raw materials, it is difficult for growers to ferment and decompose well, and it is also more troublesome to make. Modern people are too lazy to use it.
3. The emergence of commercial organic fertilizer has greatly facilitated growers, but the disadvantage is that the use cost is too high and the price-performance ratio is unreasonable, and the amount invested by growers is far from meeting the actual demand.
As for the organic fertilizer, I think the most reasonable way is close-range factory composting, using local materials, and making full use of straw returning to the field and local organic fertilizer resources (such as livestock manure, all kinds of agricultural waste leftovers, etc.). ), and factory decomposition treatment, as far as possible to reduce the cost, so as to increase the input of organic fertilizer, which plays a key role in the restoration of soil fertility. Of course, this requires the government to do guidance work.
Second, microorganisms and bacteria
Compared with organic fertilizer which needs a lot of investment, microbial bacteria can play an important role in soil. Microbial bacteria can activate soil organic and inorganic nutrients, improve fertilizer utilization rate, improve soil aggregate structure, degrade heavy metal residues and inhibit the occurrence of soil-borne diseases. Microbial metabolites contain a variety of natural plant hormones and amino acids and other beneficial substances, which promote the healthy growth of plants. However, if microorganisms want to play a better role, they still have to be based on sufficient organic nutrition in the soil.
There are many benefits of microbial bacteria, but netizens who often look at agricultural materials always lament that the water is too deep when talking about microbial bacteria:
First, there are too many categories.
There are seven categories registered by the Ministry of Agriculture (microbial agents, compound microbial fertilizers, photosynthetic bacteria agents, organic matter decomposing agents, bio-organic fertilizers, endophytic mycorrhizal agents and rhizobia agents). There are hundreds of different strains in the seven categories, and the main functions of different strains are different. For example, silicate bacteria mainly activate soil nutrients, while Streptomyces tenuipes mainly inhibits soil-borne bacteria.
Third, soil improver.
With the occurrence of various problems such as soil acidification and secondary salinization, especially in greenhouse vegetable and fruit tree areas with high economic benefits, growers are more troubled by soil problems. In recent years, soil conditioners in these areas have also begun to heat up. Soil conditioner mainly plays the role of loosening soil, improving soil aggregate structure, retaining water and fertilizer, and alleviating soil acidification and salinization.
The classification of soil improvers can be roughly divided into four categories:
1, using natural ore as raw material:
Such as potash feldspar, limestone, dolomite, medical stone, zeolite, phosphate rock powder, etc.
2. Using industrial by-products, waste residue or waste liquid as raw materials:
Such as alkali residue, monosodium glutamate fermentation tail liquid, steel slag, etc.
3, using shells as raw materials:
Oyster shells are mostly calcined at high temperature.
4, using animal hair as raw material:
Animal hair chelation, etc.
There are also some unregistered but widely used chemicals, such as polyacrylamide (scarification) and organic substances, such as humic acid and fulvic acid. It is worth advocating that humic acid products from active minerals have been widely used abroad. In some countries such as Europe and America, humic acid is listed as a biostimulant, which has a good effect on soil remediation and stimulating crop growth.
Compared with organic fertilizers and microbial fertilizers, there are not many registered enterprises of soil conditioners, which is related to the strict examination system and raw material resources of soil conditioners by the Ministry of Agriculture. Although the soil conditioner can improve and condition the soil, it is necessary to know what kind of soil it is aimed at, some for alkaline soil and some for acidic soil, and the dosage should be reasonably controlled, and excessive use will cause other side effects. In many areas, soil conditioners are abused because of the interests of sellers and the lack of knowledge of users.
For the damaged soil, repair and improvement can not be completed overnight, nor can a certain group of physical strength be completed. This requires the attention and participation of our whole society to jointly safeguard the land on which we live. 1970, the Netherlands drafted the Soil Protection Act to curb the damage to the soil. Only by rising to the legal level can we better protect our land.
The general idea of the Action Plan for Soil Environmental Protection and Pollution Control is to ensure the safety of agricultural products and the health of human settlements as the starting point, to improve the quality of soil environment as the core, and to curb the expanding trend of soil pollution by strengthening the legal system to ensure human health and environmental safety. Strengthening the environmental supervision of soil pollution control and utilization, ensuring the safety of agricultural products, increasing the monitoring of soil environmental quality, and strengthening pollution control and restoration are the measures we should take in the control.
Wanmukang continuous cropping agent is a comprehensive soil remediation agent and a special continuous cropping agent. Can comprehensively and stereoscopically repair the soil environment.
It is a special continuous cropping agent and soil remediation agent developed by China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China Institute of Soil and China Institute of Biological Engineering according to the current agricultural situation in China. Has applied for a national patent.
This product is mainly produced with microbial metabolites, photosynthetic super carbon and bee venom (also known as queen bee embryo) as the core technology, and high-activity humic acid as the carrier, using high-concentration double chelating technology.
1, what is continuous cropping (or continuous cropping obstacle)?
When crops of the same family or variety are planted in the same plot for more than two years, the phenomena of rotten roots, dead trees, stiff seedlings, rootlessness, low crop yield and poor quality appear.
2. Three manifestations of continuous cropping:? Dead trees and rotten roots; Poor growth and development; The output is low.
3. Four reasons for continuous cropping: malnutrition; Large amount of bacteria; Soil poisoning; Uneven fertilization
Problems to be solved in ten thousand mu continuous cropping agent;
1, malnutrition:? Long-term continuous cropping and unreasonable fertilizer use have caused imbalance and serious abundance and deficiency of macro, medium and trace elements, which directly caused low crop yield and serious diseases.
2. Large amount of bacteria: that is, serious soil-borne diseases, such as collapse, collapse, root rot, wilt, verticillium wilt, bacterial wilt, soft rot and other diseases caused by soil-borne bacteria. It has special effects on root rot of fruit trees, Fusarium wilt of melons and watermelons.
3. Accumulation of soil poisons: A large number of residues caused by herbicides and pesticides and poisons secreted by plants themselves can cause soil fertility degradation and hardening, underdeveloped crop roots and serious premature aging.
4. Soil hardening: Long-term unscientific and large-scale application of chemical fertilizers has caused serious imbalance of water, fertilizer, gas, heat and soil microbial flora, serious solidification failure of phosphorus, potassium and trace elements, damaged soil aggregate structure, poor permeability, low fertilizer utilization rate and underdeveloped crop roots.
5. Soil acidification: Long-term unscientific use of chemical fertilizers (especially nitrogen fertilizers) makes soil acidification serious. Why? Lack of calcium, magnesium, boron and other elements can also cause bacterial diseases such as root rot and bacterial wilt.
6. Salinization:? The phenomenon of using a large amount of chemical fertilizer and shallow tillage layer makes the accumulation of fertilizer and salt in the surface soil serious, resulting in underdeveloped roots, stiff leaves, short plants, low yield and many diseases.
7. Physiological diseases: physiological diseases such as lobules, yellow leaves, rolled leaves, mosaic, stiff seedlings, stiff fruits, weak branches, cracked fruits, umbilical rot, and poor root development caused by crop malnutrition.