Christian-Democratic Union in Germany: CDU for short. The main ruling party. Established in June 1945. He was in power from 1949 to 1969 and from 1982 to 1998. Since 25, it has been the main ruling party, with 472,4 people in party member (in April 213), and the party chairman Angela MERKEL.
Christian-Soviet union in bayern e.v.: short for Christian social union. The ruling party. Established in 1945. According to the agreement reached with the CDU, the party only develops, organizes and conducts activities in Bavaria, and forms a parliamentary group of the Alliance Party with the CDU in the Bundestag. At present, there are 15, people in party member (in December 212), and the party chairman is Horst SEEHOFER.
sozial demokratische partei Deutschlands: Social Democratic Party for short. Member of the ruling Coalition. Founded in 1863, it is one of the earliest workers' parties in the world. In 1878, it was declared illegal by the Bismarck government and regained its legal status in 189. In 1933, the Social Democratic Party was banned by the Nazi regime and rebuilt after the war. In September 199, the Social Democrats of East and West Germany merged. At present, there are 474,481 people in party member (in April 213), and the Party Chairman Sigmar GABRIEL.
Freie Demokratische Partei: the Liberal Democratic Party for short. Founded in December 1948. At present, there are 58,675 people in party member (February 213), and Party Chairman philipp rosler (Philipp R? SLER）。 In the general election on September 22, 213, the Liberal Democratic Party suffered a crushing defeat and failed to enter the parliament. Rossler announced his resignation.
Die Linke: the opposition party. On June 16th, 27, it was formed by the merger of the left-wing Demokratische Linke—PDS and Wahl Alternative Arbeit und Soziale Gerecht Igkeit. At present, there are 64, people in party member (in January 213), with Katja KIPPING (female) and Bernd RIEXINGER as party presidents.
Bündnis 9/Die Grünen: Green Party for short. Opposition party. The Green Party in western Germany was founded in January 198. In May 1993, it merged with the Eastern Alliance 9/ Green Party. At present, there are 63 people in party member (February 213), with Simone PETER (female) and Cem Jotzdemir (CEM? ZDEMIR）。
the pirate party of Germany was founded in September 26. There are 32,386 people in party member (April 213), and Bernd Schl, Chairman of the Party? mer）。
Deutsch Kommunistische Partei: Founded in 1968, formerly known as the German * * * Production Party, which was banned in 1956, now has 3,5 people in party member (January 213), with Patrik K? BELE）。
Alternative Fü r Deutschland: Founded in February 213, with 14, people in party member (June 213), the current party presidents are Konrad ADAM, Frauke PETRY and Bernd LUCK.
State system
The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany came into effect on May 23rd, 1949. The Basic Law defines five basic systems in Germany: harmony, democracy, federalism, a country ruled by law and social welfare system. Major revisions were made in 1956 and 1968. In August 199, the "Unification Treaty" between Germany and Germany made some adaptive amendments to some provisions of the Basic Law, which became applicable to all Germany on October 3.
according to the basic law, Germany is a federal state, and foreign affairs, national defense, currency, customs, aviation, posts and telecommunications are under the federal jurisdiction. The state system of government is a parliamentary system. The President of the Federation is the head of state. Parliament consists of the Bundestag and the Federal Senate. The Bundestag exercises legislative power, supervises the implementation of laws, elects the federal prime minister, participates in the election of the federal president and supervises the work of the federal government. The Bundestag election is usually held every four years, and the winning political party or Coalition of political parties will have the right to form a cabinet. Germany implements a two-vote electoral system. Germany's Basic Law is the cornerstone of law and politics in the Federal Republic of Germany.
On May 12th, 25, the German Bundestag voted to adopt the EU Constitutional Treaty. In 26, Germany passed the federal reform bill, adopting the method of "exchanging power for power", readjusting and clarifying the jurisdiction of the Federation and the federal States, delegating part of the legislative power to the federal States, and reducing the legislative participation and approval power of the federal Senate, which mainly represents the interests of the States, thus improving the government's decision-making ability and legislative efficiency.
according to the german electoral law, all citizens with german nationality who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote, and each voter has two votes. The first vote is used to select the candidate for parliament in the constituency where the voter is located, and according to the principle of simple majority, the person who gets the most votes is elected. Voters' second votes are used to elect political parties. The number of second votes obtained by each party will determine the proportion of seats in the Bundestag, which is of great significance to whether the party can come to power.
Parliament consists of the German Bundestag and the German Bundestag. The term of office is 4 years. Members of all parties participating in the Bundestag form parliamentary groups respectively.
Members of the Bundestag are directly elected by voters and distributed in proportion to the votes of political parties. Their term of office is four years. The most important tasks are to legislate, elect the Prime Minister and supervise the government. The 18th Bundestag was formed on October 22nd, 213, with 631 seats, including 311 seats for the Alliance Party, 193 seats for the Social Democratic Party, 64 seats for the Left Party and 63 seats for the Green Party. The current Speaker of the Bundestag, Norbert Lammert (CDU).
the federal Senate has ***69 seats, which are composed of representatives from all federal states, and each state has 3 to 6 seats in proportion to the population. States participate in federal legislation and management and EU affairs through the Federal Senate. The speaker of the Senate is rotated by the governors of each state in a fixed order for a term of one year. When the President is unable to exercise his functions and powers for some reason, the President of the Senate shall act as President. The current Speaker of the Senate is Stephan WEIL (Social Democratic Party), Governor of Xiasa State.
The Federal Constitutional Court is the highest judicial body, which is mainly responsible for interpreting the Basic Law and supervising its implementation. It has 16 judges, half of whom are elected by the Bundestag and half by the Federal Senate, and appointed by the President for a term of 12 years. The president and vice president are elected by the Bundestag and the Federal Senate in turn. In addition, there are federal courts (in charge of civil and criminal cases), federal administrative courts (in charge of general administrative and judicial cases), federal disciplinary courts (in charge of disciplinary cases of public officials), federal financial courts (in charge of financial cases), federal labor courts (in charge of labor cases), federal social courts (in charge of social welfare disputes) and federal patent courts (in charge of patent-related cases).
The courts at all levels have corresponding procuratorial organs, whose task is to prosecute violations of laws and crimes, but they are not under the jurisdiction of the courts, do not interfere with the trial work of the courts, and do not exercise their functions and powers independently, but are led by judicial departments at all levels. Its main task is to lead the investigation of criminal cases and prosecute them. Procuratorial organs are led by the judicial departments of the federal or state governments and are relatively independent in exercising their functions and powers. The Federal Administrative Court has the Federal Supreme Prosecutor's Office, which is operated by the Federal Attorney General and several federal prosecutors.