Wax is a complex mixture of organic compounds. Different waxes have different chemical compositions and physical properties.
At the same time, the chemical composition of wax varies with different sources, such as paraffin wax, beeswax, insect wax, microcrystal and so on.
Wax, montan wax; According to different sources, wax can be divided into: plant wax, animal wax, mineral wax and synthetic wax;
According to different physical properties, wax can be divided into hard wax and soft wax, such as paraffin wax, beeswax, ceresin 1 13 1.
The physical properties of wax vary with its chemical composition. Select a wax or several waxes as raw materials.
In order to obtain complementary properties, it is necessary to control the appropriate melting point range, oxygen content and saponification value.
Indicators.
Natural wax
1 paraffin
USP defines paraffin as']: a solid hydrocarbon mixture refined from petroleum.
Colorless or white, almost translucent substance, with crystallization results, odorless and tasteless, slightly greasy when touched.
Feeling. Its melting point is between 43.3 and 65.5℃. Paraffin is extracted from the wax fraction of crude oil and lost in wax.
It is made by separating the low-grade oil in sweating oil from other low-melting wax. Paraffin wax consists almost entirely of hydrocarbons, including
The proportion of n-alkanes or alkanes with few branches is high. Paraffin wax is a by-product of petroleum refining, which is usually made by
Wax fraction from crude oil must undergo atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, solvent rectification, solvent dewaxing and deoiling.
Hydrorefining, molding and packaging processes are extracted from petroleum. The specific separation process can be referred to.
Look at figure 2. 1[, 4]['5].
Paraffin wax can be divided into edible wax, fully refined wax, semi-refined wax, crude wax, match wax and black wax.
There are many grades of paraffin wax, the main difference is that the melting point is not the same] ll, according to the melting point is divided into 52 and 54.
Paraffin 56, 58, 60, 64, 66, 68, 70 [,6 1.
The appearance of paraffin wax is white or light yellow crystal 15 1, and its chemical composition is a mixture of various alkanes.
Among them, straight-chain normal alkanes account for the majority (>: 60%), and a few are isoparaffins (about 23-30%) and cycloalkanes.
Hydrocarbons (
17-36, the greater the n, the higher the melting point of paraffin; The melting point of paraffin wax is 52-70℃, and the relative density is O, 86-0.94.
The molecular weight is about 240-450. Oiliness in paraffin will reduce the melting point and performance. Chemical activity of paraffin wax
Low, neutral, chemically stable, insoluble in acid (except nitric acid) and alkali under normal conditions.
The liquid works. Paraffin is not easy to decompose and carbonize below 140℃; Has certain strength and good plasticity,
Not easy to crack; However, paraffin wax has low softening point (about 30℃), large curing shrinkage and low surface hardness.
Common commercial waxes in the market include "AMO" wax and "AMSCO" wax.
Wax, Atlantic. ) wax, "CardiS" wax, "Mobilwxaes",
Eanfield wax, esso wax, Shellwxaes, etc.
2 microcrystalline wax
Microcrystalline wax is separated from the residual oil in the still by a series of complicated solvent separation methods.
Yes It is mainly composed of C30-50 cycloalkane and a small amount of n-and iso-alkanes, with high melting point and uncertainty.
Characteristics of form. Generally, the melting point of microcrystalline wax is 54.4 -90.6 degrees Celsius. Compared with paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax is tough but not fragile.
Fragile. Most grades of microcrystalline wax are plastic. In color, microcrystalline wax is milky white or light yellow.
Microcrystalline wax has excellent adhesion and can form a bright film with toughness in a wide temperature range.
Among paste polishes, microcrystalline wax is very important. It can replace beeswax and mineral pure wax, and at the same time, it can be improved.
Smoothness of polishing. Microcrystalline wax with melting point of 88-92℃ can be used for paper coating and electrical appliance applications.
Anti-hardening additive, used for laminating cellophane, to prepare pastry packaging that will not produce oil stains in hot weather.
Paper 1 16].
The common commercial microcrystalline waxes in the market are "AMSCO" brand AMSCO microcrystalline wax and "Alistor" brand microcrystalline wax.
(Aristowaxes) wax, "Bareeo" wax, "Sovawxaes" wax, etc.
Brazilian brown wax
Carnauba wax is secreted by the leaves of Brazil's "Tree of Life".
Brazil palm wax is amorphous, shiny, hard and tough, with pleasant smell and easy cracking.
Intermittent, very neat. Brazil palm wax has many uses, such as polishing wood products, ingredients for cosmetics,
Leather finishing, carbon paper ink, polishing agent, protective coating, etc.
Synthetic wax and modified wax
For many years, the special waxes used in all walks of life in China are mainly blended waxes, which are different from ordinary waxes.
(such as petroleum wax, natural animal and plant wax, etc.). ), in terms of dropping point, hardness, toughness, insulation, sealing and so on.
The surface has been obviously improved, so it is widely used. In recent years, with the adjustment of industrial structure and technology
With the progress, mixed wax is no longer applicable in many occasions, and modified wax came into being. Modification is usually waxing.
Chemical modification is carried out to change its physical and chemical properties. Due to the introduction of polar groups, wax has surface properties.
Change, its emulsification, solubility, flame retardancy, lubricity, pigment dispersion, affinity, oil absorption are all.
It has been fundamentally improved and the application scope of wax has been expanded [7].
The development of modified wax abroad is relatively fast, such as Mitsui Chemical Company of Japan and Hi-WAX super wax series of the United States.
A-C wax series of carbon chemical joint company, etc. In Japan in the early 1980s, the consumption of oxidized wax alone reached 1.
More than 10 thousand tons
1 polyethylene wax and oxidized polyethylene wax
Polyethylene wax, namely low molecular weight polyethylene, refers to polyethylene with a relative molecular weight of about 1000-5000.
According to the different olefin manufacturing methods, polyethylene wax can be divided into two types: polymerization type and cracking type. Polymerized polyethylene
Wax is generally made of by-products of polyethylene polymerization, and cracked polyethylene can be made of pure polyethylene resin or
White, long carbon chain and branched solid hydrocarbons obtained by pyrolysis of waste plastics are widely used hydrocarbons.
Synthetic wax [0zl. Polyethylene wax is non-toxic and non-corrosive, with high hardness, high softening point and melt viscosity.
Low temperature, good moisture resistance, chemical resistance, electrical properties, wear resistance and room temperature heat resistance.
It has lubricity, dispersibility and fluidity, and can be used in conjunction with paints, coatings and inks. , yes.
It has the effects of extinction, astigmatism and smoothness, and has good compatibility with other kinds of waxes and polyolefin resins.
Make love. After moderate oxidation, polyethylene wax has a certain acid value, which is called oxidized polyethylene wax. Juyi
Olefin wax and oxidized polyethylene wax can be mixed with many animal waxes, vegetable waxes, mineral waxes and various synthetic waxes.
. Polyethylene wax and oxidized polyethylene wax can be used for leather shoes oil, floor wax, furniture wax, candles, crayons,
Printing ink, concentrated pigment, cosmetics, hot melt adhesive, paper coating and fruit preservation and many other aspects.
Fischer-Topsch wax
Fischer-Tropsch wax, referred to as Fischer-Tropsch wax, is a by-product when petroleum products are synthesized from carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
Commercial waxes with different melting points were obtained by reprocessing and refining hydrocarbon waxes. A fee and a wax are made up of
It consists of long-chain normal alkanes with high molecular weight and a small number of short-branched isoparaffins. Fischer-Tropsch wax is widely used in leather shoes oil, floor wax, automobile wax, cosmetics, paint, ink, hot melt adhesive, candles,
Crayons and electrical insulation.
Synthesis of phthalamide wax
Fatty acid phthalamide (AF) is a generic term for fatty acid derivatives whose groups are substituted by amines. Ordinary phthalamide wax
It consists of brown phthalamide, stearyl phthalamide, lauryl phthalamide, oil-based phthalamide and the mixture of oil-based phthalamide or their mixture.
[One of the ingredients in 23l. After 1960s, among fatty acid amines, especially phthalamine laurate L(A) and phthalate oleate.
Amine (OA), o-phenylenediamine stearate S(A), o-phenylenediamine erucic acid E(A), o-phenylenediamine methylene distearate (MBS) and ethylene bis.
Phthalimide stearate E(BS), ethylene di-ricinoleate E(BR), n- phthalamide methyl stearate (one-MS capture), etc.
It has been applied in many fields of chemical industry. It is used as polymer, ink, adhesive tape, fiber processing and so on.
Anti-caking agent, compounding agent and dispersant have the functions of smoothness, anti-sticking, antistatic and dispersion. Only plastic
The world consumption of materials industry is about 30,000 (t US 1. 1 000 t, Japan 1 000 t, and Western Europe 0,900t). Mainly Japan.
The variety production capacity is OA: 1500t, SA3O00t, EA 1600t, EBS4000t, ABS900t,
There are many varieties of N-MS500t in America. The high purity OA, SA and EA in China were developed by 1972 and 1978.
Industrialization, the real industrialization of EA is probably 1985. N-MS in 1982, EBS in 1978.
In the past, the domestic output was around 200t, which was not commensurate with the output of the plastic industry in China. The main reason is health.
There is a big gap between production technology and foreign application [24l.
Fatty acid phthalamide can be combined with fatty acid and its derivatives, wax, paraffin, natural and synthetic rubber, resin and so on.
Good compatibility, can disperse carbon black, pigment and dye; Emulsification in paraffin wax produces polarity and gives stability. can
Give a surface a specific effect. Widely used as lubricant and anti-sticking agent for synthetic resin; fibrous
Softening waterproof agent; The moisture-proof agent and printability agent of paper can improve the physical properties of rubber and be used as release agent.
Prevent sunlight from cracking; Anti-sticking, smooth anti-sticking and anti-precipitant of ink can improve the melting point of paraffin.
Dropping point [25] and softening point; Dispersant of color pen pigment to improve its color rendering; Paraffin emulsion stabilizer;
Lubricants for valves and bearings, lubricants for wire drawing, metal rust inhibitors; Resin molding release agent; pressure-sensitive
Stripping the release agent; Lipstick, wax mixture, etc. Cosmetics; Boiler defoamer; Improve the performance of coatings.
Many domestic ink factories have joined oA to improve ink performance. Determination of Fatty Acid Phthalamide in Ink
In the field of carbon paper, the consumption can reach 100-200 qu, so the production prospect of fatty acid phthalamide is very bright.
[24].
The quality of OA and SA products in China has caught up with the advanced level. It is stipulated that the smell in products is lower than that in imported products.
Still very young on the model. For example, the maximum production capacity of EA factory in Japan is 900 lamps A, and the minimum production capacity is 100t/A ... The scale of China is still very small.
At 150 lamp A-50t/a, EBS is smaller. At present, it is necessary to improve the management level, unify the products and increase the output.
Environment, pay attention to impurities, dust, etc. Whether fatty acid phthalamide can be produced in oil and synthetic ammonia plants and its economic benefits.
The benefits will be more significant.
4 chlorinated paraffin
Chlorinated paraffin is prepared by chlorination of alkanes. Chlorination of alkanes belongs to free radical substitution reaction: first, make
Chlorine molecules dissociate into active chlorine free radicals under the action of heat energy, light or free radical initiator; active chlorine
Free radicals replace hydrogen atoms in alkanes to generate hydrogen chloride and free radicals with unpaired electrons; This self
Free radicals react with chlorine molecules to generate monochloroalkanes and new chlorine free radicals; The reaction continues in this way.
Okay, until the chain reaction ends. Chlorinated paraffin is Cl. One, three Chlorinated derivatives of alkanes with different carbon numbers.
The chlorine content of its products ranges from 10% to 70%. Color from light yellow, yellow viscous oily liquid to soft or
Brittle resin solid or white powder. The physical properties also change with the increase of chlorine content 126 1.
In 1858, petroleum wax is chlorinated first. Chlorine gas with chlorine content as high as 665438 0% was prepared.
Petroleum wax. 19 10, Bollinger obtained a patent for preparing chlorinated petroleum wax with carbon tetrachloride as solvent.
In 1930s, chlorinated paraffin began to be produced industrially. At present, all kinds of mature students have been formed.
Production processes, such as thermal chlorination, photochlorination and catalytic chlorination [27 1. Domestic chlorinated paraffin production technology mainly
There are three kinds: thermal chlorination, catalysis and photocatalysis. These three processes have their own characteristics. (1) thermal chlorination is carried out in.
Chlorine is heated to produce chlorine free radicals. This method has mature technology and stable product quality, and is suitable for chlorine gas and chlorine gas.
Alkali plants are used together, and most chlorinated paraffin plants in China adopt this method. But the equipment investment of this method
The conversion rate of large chlorine gas is low, the product cost is high, the quality of by-product hydrochloric acid is poor, post-treatment is difficult, and environmental protection is difficult.
Mark. (2) Catalytic method is that chlorine generates chlorine free radicals under the initiation of catalyst. The method has high chlorine conversion rate,
Less investment, moderate cost, but immature technology, unstable product quality, environmental protection is difficult to meet the standards. (3) Photocatalysis
The method is that chlorine generates chlorine free radicals under special illumination. The method has the advantages of high chlorine conversion rate, low cost and high yield.
The product quality is stable, the investment is slightly higher than that of catalytic method, and the environmental protection is easy to reach the standard. Photocatalytic method is a new technology, and domestic manufacturers
127] is rarely used.
At present, the annual output of chlorinated petroleum wax is about 40 thousand tons, but the product structure is unreasonable, and the output of chlorinated paraffin -52 is the highest.
High, chlorine wax -42 times, chlorine wax -70 is the least, and its annual output is only about 1000 tons. Smelling petroleum wax and
Australian chlorinated petroleum wax has good flame retardancy, and is often used to impregnate fabrics and fibers, which is very popular among users, so it is very popular in the market.
The venue is good. Chlorinated paraffin wax is mainly used as plastic plasticizer, flame retardant and antiwear agent in industry. Chlorinated stone
Wax is widely used in plastics, rubber, prevention and control, ink and other fields. The chlorine content is between 40% and 50%.
Chlorinated petroleum waxes are widely used as plasticizers because they are miscible with various resins and plastics.