Now, as far as history is concerned,
As early as the first century BC, people have found that when observing tiny objects through spherical transparent objects, they can enlarge their images. Later, I gradually realized the law that the surface energy of spherical glass can enlarge the image of objects.
In p>159, Dutch and Italian glasses manufacturers had built magnifying instruments similar to microscopes.
in p>1611, Kepler (Kepler) proposed the manufacturing method of compound microscope.
in p>1665, Hooke: the origin of the term "cell" was obtained by Hooke observing the tiny pores in cork tissue with a compound microscope.
In p>1674, Leeuwenhoek (Levin Hook): The report of protozoology was published, and nine years later, he became the first person to discover the existence of "bacteria".
In p>1833, Brown observed violets under a microscope, and then published his detailed discussion on the nucleus.
in p>1838, Schlieden and Schwann (Schleiden and Shi Wang) both advocated the principle of cytology, the main idea of which was that "nucleated cells are the basic elements of the tissues and functions of all animals and plants".
in p>1857, Kolliker (kolliker) discovered mitochondria in muscle cells.
in p>1876, Abbe (Abby): analyzed the diffraction effect of images when they were imaged in a microscope, and tried to design the most ideal microscope.
in p>1879, Flrmming (Fleming) discovered that when an animal cell is undergoing mitosis, its chromosome activity is clearly visible.
in p>1881, Retziue (Ruizu): the report of animal tissue was published, which was unsurpassed by no one in the world. However, 2 years later, a group of histologists led by Cajal developed the microscopic staining observation method, which laid the foundation for future microscopic anatomy.
in p>1882, Koch (Kirk) dyed microbial tissues with benzoin dye, from which he discovered cholera and mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the next 2 years, other bacteriologists, such as Klebs and Pasteur (Kleber and Pasteur), confirmed the causes of many diseases by examining dyed drugs under the microscope.
In p>1886, Zeiss (Chua's) broke the theoretical limit of general visible light, and his invention-Abbey's lens and a series of other lenses opened up a new world for microscopists to interpret images.
in p>1898, Golgi (Golgi) was the first microscopist to discover Golgi bodies in bacteria. He dyed cells with silver nitrate and made a big step in the study of human cells.
in p>1924, Lacassagne, together with his experimental partner * * *, developed a radiographic method, which used radioactive polonium to explore biological specimens.
in p>193, Lebedeff designed and matched the first interference microscope. In addition, the phase difference microscope was invented by Zernicke in 1932. The phase difference observation developed by the two men by extending the traditional optical microscope enabled biologists to observe all kinds of details on stained living cells.
in p>1941, Coons: antibodies were added with fluorescent dyes to detect cell antigens.
in p>1952, Nomarski invented the interferometric phase difference optical system. This invention is not only patented, but also named after the inventor himself.
In p>1981, Allen and Inoue (Allen and Ainiu) enhanced and contrasted the images in the principle of optical microscopy, and the development became more and more perfect.
in p>1988, Confocal(*** yoke focus) scanning microscope was widely used in the market.
laser * * * focusing microscope
laser scanning * * * focusing microscope is an epoch-making high-tech product developed in 198s. It adds a laser scanning device on the basis of fluorescence microscope imaging, uses a computer to process the image, improves the resolution of optical imaging by 3%-4%, and uses ultraviolet or visible light to excite fluorescent probes, thus obtaining the fluorescence image of the fine structure inside cells or tissues. Observing physiological signals such as Ca2+, PH, membrane potential and the changes of cell morphology at the subcellular level has become a new generation of powerful research tools in the fields of morphology, molecular biology, neuroscience, pharmacology and genetics. Laser focused imaging system can be used to observe all kinds of stained, unstained and fluorescently labeled tissues and cells, observe and study the growth and development characteristics of tissue slices and living cells, and study and determine the material transport and energy conversion in cells. Can carry out the research on the RATIO of ion and PH value change in living cells, neurotransmitter research, differential stem tomography involving fluorescence, tomography and overlapping of multiple fluorescence, fluorescence spectrum analysis, quantitative analysis of fluorescence indicators, time delay scanning of fluorescence samples and three-dimensional dynamic structural components of dynamic components, analysis of the transfer of fluorescence vibration energy, fluorescence in situ hybridization research (FISH), cytoskeleton research, Gene mapping research, in-situ real-time PCR product analysis, fluorescence bleaching recovery research (FRAP), intercellular communication research, protein research, membrane potential and membrane fluidity research, etc., and complete image analysis and three-dimensional reconstruction analysis.
*** focusing microscope has been widely used in the medical field, which can be classified as follows: a. Application in cell and molecular biology 1; Three-dimensional observation and quantitative measurement of cells and tissues < P > 1. Dynamic monitoring of physiological signals of living cells < P > 13. Sorting of adherent cells
2. Cell laser microsurgery and light trap function < P > ⒌; Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching < P > 6; Application in the study of apoptosis B. Application in neuroscience 1; Quantitative fluorescence determination
1; Determination of intracellular ions
13. Morphological observation of nerve cells C. application in otorhinolaryngology 1; Application in the study of subcellular structure of inner ear hair cells < P > 1. Application of fluorescence calcium measurement technology with laser scanning * * * focusing microscope in the study of inner ear hair cells < P > 13; Application of laser scanning * * * focusing microscope in the study of ion channels in inner ear hair cells < P > 1. Application of laser scanning focusing microscope in olfactory research D. Application in tumor research 1. Quantitative immunofluorescence determination
1. Intracellular ion analysis
1. Image analysis: two-dimensional image analysis of tumor cells
1. Three-dimensional reconstruction E. Application in endocrine field 1. Determination of intracellular calcium ion
1. * * focusing microscope F. application in hematological diseases 1. application in blood cell morphology and function research
1. application in apoptosis research G. application in ophthalmology research 1. observation of tissue and cell structure with laser scanning * * * focusing microscope 1. observation of cell migration and the appearance of fibroblasts in corneal trauma repair in vivo with special fluorescent staining 1. Observing the distribution of optic nerve cells in retina by focusing microscope and the dendritic morphology of neurons < P > 3. Three-dimensional reconstruction H. The application in kidney disease can systematically observe the tomographic image and three-dimensional image level of normal glomerular mesangial cells, make the image clearer, and improve the understanding of mesangial cells from appearance to internal structure, from plane to stereo, from static to dynamic, and from morphology to function from computer analysis system.
SIM super-resolution microscope, STEP transmission electron microscope. . There is too much information. Baidu knows that the agreement is weird. It's nothing to delete and write too much. I don't know if I can send it. If I can't send it, you won't receive it, and it's useless.