Synchronous transmitter
Early telegrams could only transmit one message at a time, but could not exchange signals at the same time. Because Edison himself was a telegraph technician, he began to improve the traditional telegraph and made a double telegraph. 1874, he developed a quadruple telegraph, which is also a synchronous telegraph. At that time, before the development of radio, synchronous transmitter was a major breakthrough. Improved telephone
Edison and the telegraph he invented.
As we all know, the modern telephone was invented by Bell. In fact, the telephone was invented by Edison. But Berby Edison filed a patent application two hours in advance. So I got the patent right first. But the telephone can send and receive clearly. Thanks to Edison's repeated experiments, he broke through the traditional pattern and made a toner transmitter, which improved the sensitivity, volume and receiving distance of the telephone in one fell swoop. Otherwise, when we call, we often say: hello! Hey! I can't hear you. I can't hear you clearly. Phonograph1877 65438+One night in February, the staff of Mengluoyuan Laboratory trembled slightly, not because of the cold, but because they heard the recording for the first time in human history: "Mamei has a little sheep, and its fur is as white as snow. No matter where Ma Mei goes, the lamb is always by her side ... The French government also awarded the title of Sir Edison! Later, Edison improved the phonograph several times until the drum type was changed to the bakelite turntable type, which was not a matter of one or two years, but after decades of continuous improvement! electric light
Edison invented the electric light.
/kloc-at the beginning of the 0/8th century, people began to use gas lamps, but gas was supplied by pipelines. Once it leaks or is blocked, it is very prone to accidents, and people are very eager for the reform of lighting. In fact, Edison set himself an impossible task: in addition to improving lighting, he must also create a power supply system. So he and his partners in Luomeng Garden made more than 600 experiments on heat-resistant materials and more than 600 kinds of plant fibers 1600 times before they made the first carbon filament light bulb, which can burn for 45 hours at a time. Later, he constantly improved the manufacturing method on this basis, and finally introduced a tungsten filament bulb that can ignite 1200 hours. In the mid-1980s, Edison's electric light career was successful, which brought him a greater reputation than any previous achievements. Before the mid-1980s, he seldom made mistakes. After that, despite his great achievements, failures are common. One of Edison's most commendable behaviors is that he criticized alternating current, saying that alternating current has side effects and may cause death and injury, but he did not specify. Therefore, some people say, "It is very contradictory for a person like him who has made many inventions to attack other people's new inventions. "He opposed the use of alternating current in favor of direct current, so he lost in a fierce and stubborn argument. On the one hand, it reflects Edison's stubborn and old-fashioned shortcomings after he became famous. duplicator
Edison
At first, Edison invented paraffin paper, which was only widely used as packaging material for food and candy. Later, he tried to carve the outline of the words on wax paper to form a wax lettering paper tray, put white paper under the paper tray, and then rolled it off the wax lettering paper with an ink roller. A wonderful thing happened, and clear handwriting appeared on the white paper. Later, after many improvement experiments, Edison began to mass-produce the copier he invented at 1876, and all of a sudden, institutions, schools, institutions and organizations adopted this template mimeograph. Because Edison's copier is very popular all over the world, Edison deeply realized that he should invent things that people generally and deeply need. Carbon electrode telephone pickups 1877 and 1878 Edison invented and developed carbon electrode microphones and bell receivers, which were used in all telephones until the 1980s. After a long patent lawsuit, the federal court ruled that Edison, not Amy Berlin, was the inventor of 1892 carbon electrode microphone. In the 1920s, carbon electrode microphones were also used for radio broadcasting and broadcasting. Movable film projector Early film projection equipment, which was put in a cabinet and only allowed one person to watch movies through a small window. Movable film projector introduces the basic method of film projection, which was adopted by all film projectors before the invention of video. It produces the illusion of activity by rotating the film tape with continuous pictures at high speed in front of the light source. Thomas Edison, an American inventor, first put forward this concept in 1888. Later, his employee william Kennedy dickson greatly developed this technology between 1889 and 1892. Dixon and his team in Edison Lab also designed a movie camera, which is an innovative movie camera that can shoot images continuously. After the internal experiment of filming, the commercial movable film projector was finally born. Electric chair electrocution One of the controversial death penalty tools "electric chair" was actually produced in the infighting between two rival companies. The two companies compete fiercely for the interests of two different kinds of electricity (alternating current and direct current). 1882, the earliest generator system was built in new york, USA. Eight years later, the first electric chair was executed in Auburn prison.
In the electric light company of Thomas Edison, the inventor of the phonograph, the first generator began to operate in 1882. George Westinghouse, the engineer who invented the train air brake and railway signal system, bought some patents related to electricity, and nikola tesla, a scientist, set up a power company at 1886, and began to compete with Edison for the electricity market. Shopping mall failure Edison countered the conflict between the two companies with public opinion, starting with technical design. Thomas Edison produced and sent out direct current, and the alternating current invented by nikola tesla is considered to be more competitive and profitable than direct current because it is suitable for long-distance transmission. Edison lost market share bit by bit, and many technicians and salesmen left him and joined Westinghouse. Edison, who was pestered by the company's shareholders, decided to fight back and launch a public opinion offensive to make alternating current extremely dangerous and try to discredit it. He and his supporters believe that if AC is associated with death in the public mind, then DC will win in the home market. Death "performance" inspires electrocution. Edison found a best companion-harold brown. They traveled all over the country. In front of nobles, journalists, businessmen, etc. Dogs, cats, monkeys and even horses were electrocuted. In order to prove that Edison's direct current is the best choice for family and industrial use in the future, he also proved by experiments that animals shocked by 1000 volts direct current are still alive, but they will be electrocuted by 350 volts alternating current, which is extremely cruel. After the performance, harold brown also held a national press conference in Colombia. He not only invited all journalists in the country, but also invited many professional electricians.
In front of the audience, he electrocuted a heavy horse, once again proving the danger of alternating current. Then, he solemnly announced: "alternating current is only applicable to the execution of dogs or animals in slaughterhouses that are about to be brought to the market." Then he added jokingly, "And the execution of the death penalty." Previously, the main way to execute the death penalty in the United States was hanging. By the late19th century, Americans began to think that hanging was too cruel. The new York state legislature began to set up a Committee to study a more humane way of execution than hanging. Harold brown's "performance" and jokes just gave the Committee the inspiration for innovation, and the idea of using electricity as the implementation method came into being. Connecting alternating current with "death" In order to destroy his opponent in commercial competition, Edison took drastic measures to meet the needs of the Committee, and imported six orangutans from Thailand for electrocution experiments, which proved that electrocution was fast and painless, provided that Westinghouse's alternating current was used. After repeated experiments, legislators and doctors agree that electrocution will lead to cardiac arrest and respiratory paralysis, leading to rapid death. After careful consideration, the Supreme Court of the United States held that this new execution method did not violate the principle of prohibiting "cruel and inhuman punishment" in the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution. New york1June 4th, 888 confirmed the legality of electrocution. The research on how to implement electrocution was carried out in Edison's laboratory, and harold brown was also absorbed into the state forensic institution to solve the technical details, and the first electric chair was designed and manufactured. A newspaper declared: "Alternating current will undoubtedly make this executioner lose his job in New York State." The prison administration signed a decree allowing harold brown to put his electric chair in Auburn State Prison. In order to associate nikola tesla's name with the electric chair, Brown tried to buy three powerful generators from nikola tesla. Of course, this was rejected.
So Edison once again manipulated behind the scenes and asked Thompson Electric Company to buy three engines through a second-hand electrical appliance dealer in Boston. Harold brown and Thomas Edison thought that they finally got what they wanted, because nikola tesla's alternating current would soon be regarded as "execution current" and "death current". Next, they just need to wait for the first "lucky enough" prisoner to sit in the electric chair and watch the wonderful and "civilized" electrocution performance. 1On August 6th, 990, William Kemler, the butcher who killed his girlfriend with an axe, walked into the execution room of Auburn Prison. He said to the warden, "Don't worry, do it well!" A few minutes later, he also asked to tighten the electric disc in the helmet. Before the execution, curious people spent 20 minutes observing the execution device. This is a big, simple and heavy wooden chair. Behind the chair is a control panel with three joysticks. Two four-meter-long thick wires are drawn from the control panel and connected to the wet plate. The prisoner is fixed on the chair by a simple device, wearing a helmet shaped like a washbasin on his head. The long and flat grounding electrode is placed on the prisoner's back, and his chest is surrounded by a belt. After the last inspection, the prisoner was electrified for the first time with a voltage of 300 volts, 17 seconds. Kemler trembled violently, and the chair began to shake violently, almost falling to the ground. Officials immediately decided that chairs must be fixed on the ground in the future. Kemler is still alive, so he switched on the second current. The prisoner's body turned red, his muscles began to burn and the power supply was cut off again. The prisoner seems to be alive. So people connected to the power supply again. At this time, a blue flame broke out on the prisoner's back and he finally died. In the autopsy, people found that his brain was like a "burnt fruit cake", the blood clot in his head formed black charcoal, and the whole back was burnt into charcoal. Since then, the electric chair has been called "lightning", "barbecue" and "old Mars" by prisoners.
The unsuccessful execution of Kemler embarrassed the Institute of Forensic Medicine and state legislators, but two official doctors declared that the prisoner had not suffered. They believe that after the first electric shock, the prisoner lost consciousness, and even if his heart continued to beat, he could not feel other electric shocks. However, this assertion was overturned by the later failed implementation. Something happened in Louisiana when 1946 executed 17-year-old black criminal Willie Francis Witnesses said that the executioner turned on the power switch, and the prisoner's lips became bigger and his body tightened and protruded forward. But at this time, the criminal was not dead, and the executioner shouted in fear. He asked the operator next door to increase the current, but he was told that the current had reached the maximum. At this moment, the victim in the electric chair suddenly shouted, "Turn off the power, I can't breathe!" " "Panicked guards terminated the death penalty. The black criminal described his feeling of being executed by the electric chair: "I felt a terrible fever in my head and left leg." I jumped on my belt, and blue, rose and green water flowed around in front of my eyes. "Later, his lawyer argued to the US Supreme Court that although Francis was not dead, he had been executed. The Supreme Court rejected his appeal and Francis was executed the following year. Because the execution of prisoners with electric chairs often leaves charred bodies and a stench, it is easy to make the person in charge uneasy. Later, the United States gradually replaced the electric chair with gas chambers and poisonous needle injections. Edison finally got into trouble in a short time after continuing to insist on not using communication technology. In the end, Morgan turned Edison into General Electric. Edison himself invested all his property in a magnetized iron ore, which soon closed down.