The process of coating utensils with paint. The lacquer used in ancient China is a kind of juice secreted by lacquer trees. After sun drying and dehydration, it becomes cooked paint, which can be used as coating. At the same time, dry vegetable oil such as tung oil is often added to the paint. When making lacquerware, use wood, bamboo, hemp, etc. They are all used as fetal bones, and then the surface is painted and dried before use. You can also mix colors in pigments to draw patterns and draw patterns. Painting can not only protect objects, but also make them durable and beautiful. China has a long history of making lacquerware. "Ten Years of Mistakes" shows that Yu Shun used wood as a food container and "painted ink on it". Painted vehicles, several boxes, plates, jewelry boxes and other cultural relics from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period were unearthed. Colored plates from 475 BC to 22 BC1year were unearthed in Yangshan Ocean Tomb in Xinjiang. A round lacquer cover from the Eastern Han Dynasty was unearthed from the tomb of Gao Tai in Lop Nur, which is more exquisite than the lacquer plate on it. Tang Dynasty lacquer box unearthed from Astana tomb in Turpan, wooden tire, black.
Gold tracing: a decorative method of drawing patterns on the surface of lacquerware with gold. Gold paint is the most common on black paint ground, followed by vermilion or purple ground. Others call tracing gold as "the decorative method of tracing gold and silver paint".
Lacquer filling: Eight Chapters of Respecting Saints: "Xuande has lacquered vessels, which are piled with colorful thick paint and polished as paintings", and A Brief Introduction to Jingdi, which is called this lacquering technique, uses Qi Diao flowers and birds as paintings and polishes them as paintings.
Mother-of-pearl: also known as "snail filling" and "snail point", it is a decorative technique of embedding figures, birds and animals, flowers and plants on carved or painted objects made of thin shells. After the flat painting, there are colorful decorations, such as painting, painting, floating Xia makeup, flower painting, painting, etc., while those who decorate with gold have the names of sand gold, painting gold, painting gold, clay gold and gilding. According to their names, we can infer that their production methods are different. In a word, among lacquerware, carved lacquer is the noblest and the most artistic, so all previous dynasties have been trying to make it. Song people carved red lacquerware. If the palace is made of boxes, gold and silver tires, and red lacquerware is piled up to dozens of layers. At first, people, terraces, flowers and plants were carved with skill, just like strokes. There are tin tires, land, safflower and yellow fields and five colors. Carving deep with makeup dew, such as red flowers and green leaves, yellow heart and black stone, is eye-catching, but it has not been handed down many times, and it is not easy to see now. It is also useful to carve ten kinds of flowers and plants with Zhu as the land and all kinds of flowers and plants with black as the face. Flowers and tapestries are embossed, red and black are lovely, but most of them are boxes, followed by plates and boxes. The boxes are steamed cakes, Hexi style, curtain style, three-impact style, two-impact style, plum blossom style and goose egg style, ranging in size from several feet to several feet, with patterns on both sides. There are round, square, waist-shaped, quadrangular, octagonal, tapestry and quadrangular peony petals. Boxes have rectangles, squares, two strikes, three strikes and four strikes. This process originated very early and became popular in the Zhou Dynasty. Judging from the existing mother-of-pearl in the Tang Dynasty, it was of a high level at that time. Cao Zhao's On Gegu: "Mother-of-pearl vessels come from Luling County, Ji 'an Prefecture, Jiangxi Province. In the Song Dynasty, all the people in the inner government were old craftsmen, but those who used strong lacquer or embedded copper wires were very good. The wealth of the Yuan Dynasty is not limited to years, and the lacquer characters are lovely. "There are two schools, Rizo and Yang Mao, who are good at the moment, but the ink is not thick and the painting is cracked.
Point snail: Point snail lacquerware is a traditional handicraft in China. 1966, a lacquer dish was unearthed from the ruins of the Yuan Dynasty in Beijing and embedded in the Guanghan Palace with screws. The Ming Dynasty was the heyday of point-screw lacquerware, and the craft level had reached a quite exquisite level. Shell, luminous snail, etc. They are all raw materials, refined into spiral slices as thin as cicada wings, and then the thin spiral slices are "spotted" on the lacquer blank, hence the name "point snail". Because it is thinner and softer than ordinary mother-of-pearl, it is also called "thin mother-of-pearl" and "soft mother-of-pearl". Now in Yangzhou and other places, there are still some snail lacquerware production. Flattening gold and silver: thin gold and silver for a while to make various figures, birds and animals, flowers and other patterns, and stick them on the polished lacquer tire. After drying thoroughly, two or three layers are painted comprehensively, and then the gold and silver patterns are polished to make the patterns as flat as the paint base, and then polished, which becomes a beautiful flat lacquer. Fine lines can also be carved where the gold and silver lines are wide, but the gold and silver pieces cannot be carved through. This decorative method is elaborate, labor-consuming, and noble in materials, but the luster of gold, silver and lacquer color reflects each other very luxuriously, and it is a very precious lacquer. Youyang's Miscellaneous Works, An Lushan's Deeds, Taizhenzhuan, Tang Yulin, etc. Various names of flat lacquerware given to An Lushan by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Yang Guifei are recorded.
Stacking paint: a painting technique of making patterns with pigments different from those of unpainted gray primer. Now the pile of paint can be made of rubber, gold-plated and spray-painted, which has a wide range of meanings.
Qi Diao: The technique of carving patterns on stacked flat lacquer tires. Qi Diao in China began in the Tang Dynasty and is most famous for its history of Xitang in Jiaxing in the Yuan Dynasty. Modern main producing areas are Beijing, Yangzhou, Tianshui and Huizhou. Carving paint mostly uses red paint, so it is also called "picking red". Qi Diao is often made of wood ash and metal, which are piled with paint, ranging from 80 to 90 layers to 100 to 200 layers. This is a semi-dry painting and carving technique. Generally, brocade is used as the ground, and the pattern is hidden, which is beautiful and solemn.
Pointing paint: Pointing paint is a decorative technique of lacquer art in the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, which was used as the decoration of automobiles in ancient times. This method is named after the use of more than two kinds of colored pigments, which are interlaced with each other and present various patterns, just like the markings on animals and plants. "Deputy History of the Meeting Record of Kun Ji": "Fine decoration". Yang Ming's Note: "All the ornaments listed are suitable for fine spots, including black, green, red, yellow, purple and brown, as well as the quality and color. They are six colors, two colors and three colors mixed, and the spots are the same color, which is divided into light color and dark color. " This seems to be similar to spot paint. In addition, monochrome paints are used to display different shades of marks, some of which are called spot paints.
Flat paint: there is no other procedure for drawing things, which is called flat paint. This is the first way to draw things. It's simple, well-made and very cute. So this method is used more now.
Gold ornaments: the utensils are painted with pigment, carved with a needle after drying, and then sprinkled with gold foil to make them flat, which is called gold ornaments. The person who scatters silver scraps is called a silver shovel. It is said that this is a way to decorate objects with gold, by creating ancient characters and eliminating sounds in popular reading. According to the Records of Dan and Lead, there are 14 kinds of gold in Six Codes of Tang Dynasty, and there is alchemy method. Wu You wrote "Cricket Song" and "Cricket Basin" by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, which were very successful in making gold in the Ming Dynasty, hence the names of many utensils. Red pile: the surface of lacquerware is piled up into various patterns and coated with cinnabar, which is called red pile. "Gegu Yaolun" said that fake red picking is made of gray balls and coated with cinnabar, which is called pile red, also called cover red.
Modern archaeological excavations in China prove that China is the first country in the world to discover and use natural lacquer. Seven thousand years ago, wooden painted bowls were unearthed from Hemudu primitive cultural site in Yuyao, Zhejiang. In the Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties, the use of natural pigments gradually changed to the use of pigments for paint mixing. People are constantly familiar with and understand the properties of coatings, and transform and use the unique properties of coatings such as durability, fastness, moisture resistance, brightness and aesthetics to serve their own lives. After long-term practice, people have accumulated more and more experience in the selection and production of paint embryo, the deployment and use of colored paint, and the drawing and combination of paint patterns. Lacquer making has developed into a special craft, reaching a high level, forming a unique lacquer craft in China. Our ancestors left countless exquisite lacquerware crafts to mankind. There were special royal lacquer gardens in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and private lacquer gardens appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The tax rate is 1/4, which is higher than that of all other production projects. This shows that lacquerware production was very prosperous at that time. Zhuangzi, a famous Taoist philosopher, was an official of lacquer garden in Song Dynasty, and there were regulations on the management of lacquer garden in Qin Law, which indicated that lacquer production played an important role in the upper life. In the case of a large number of bronzes, lacquer is a kind of adjustment and supplement, which plays an irreplaceable role in bronzes. When the bronze ware was first cast, the golden light was dazzling, but the big bronze ware was heavy and inconvenient to carry, while the lacquer ware was light, noble and elegant. From the book Zhou Li, we can see that lacquerware was widely used at that time. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, not only colored lacquers and carvings were used to decorate utensils, but also turquoise, mother-of-pearl and mussel bubbles were used as mosaic patterns, which made the world of lacquerware wider. Daily utensils, handicrafts and artworks painted on the surfaces of various utensils are generally called "lacquerware". Raw lacquer is a natural juice cut from lacquer tree, which is mainly composed of urushiol, laccase, resin and water. It has special functions such as moisture-proof, high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance, and can also be used to prepare paints with different colors, which is radiant. In China, the performance of lacquer has been known since the Neolithic Age, and it is used to make utensils. From the Shang and Zhou Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the lacquer craft in China has been developing continuously, reaching a fairly high level. China's gold-plated painted handicrafts have a far-reaching influence on Japanese and other places. Lacquerware is an important invention of chemical technology and arts and crafts in ancient China.
Neolithic Lacquerware: A wooden bowl unearthed from the third cultural layer of Hemudu culture in Yuyao River, Zhejiang Province, with beautiful shape, scarlet paint inside and outside, bright color and the same physical properties as lacquerware. Brown painted pottery was found in the Neolithic site in Meiyan, Wujiang, Jiangsu. After preliminary testing, the brown substance is paint. Thin-shell lacquerware unearthed from Dadianzi Tomb in Aohan Banner, Liaoning Province, dates from about 3400 to 3600 years ago.
Lacquerware of Shang and Zhou Dynasties: The impression in the middle period of Shang Dynasty was that a piece of wood was carved and painted with Zhu. Among the lacquerware fragments unearthed from Taixi site in Yicheng, Hebei Province, some of the carvings are colored and inlaid with turquoise. Qi Diao wood products found in Shang tombs in Houjiazhuang, Anyang, are also inlaid with mussels, mussels and jade. It can be seen that the lacquer craft of Shang Dynasty has reached a quite high level.
Lacquerware in the Warring States Period: The history of lacquerware in the Warring States Period is a period of great development, with a great increase in the variety and quantity of utensils, and innovations in the practice, modeling and decoration techniques of fetal bones. During the Warring States period, lacquerware was unearthed in a wide range. The paintings of monsters, dragons, snakes and dance hunting equipment unearthed from Chu Tomb in Changtaiguan, Xinyang, Yuanyang Box unearthed from Zeng Houyi Tomb in Suizhou, and small carved screens of snakes, clams, birds and animals unearthed from Chu Tomb in Jiangling are all representative works of this period. . Lacquerware in the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: Lacquerware craft in the Western Han Dynasty basically inherited the style of the Warring States, but it has made new development, with larger production scale and wider distribution of producing areas. Large objects have appeared, such as plates with a diameter of more than 70 cm and clocks with a height of nearly 60 cm. At the same time, a plurality of small pieces can be skillfully assembled into a device, for example, there are 6 1 inverted ear cups in the box, the thin tire is painted with single or double layers of enamel, and there are 5, 7 or more small boxes with different sizes and shapes in the box. Emerging technologies include needle drawing gold filled with gold, and writing patterns with thick substances piled up with pigments. In particular, the top of the vessel is inlaid with metal flowers and leaves, agate or glass beads as buttons, and the mouth of the vessel is inlaid with gold, silver buttons and hoops. In the meantime, the carved figures, monsters, birds and animals are embedded in gold foil or silver foil, and painted marble is used as a foil, which is unprecedented. There are many inscriptions on lacquerware in the Western Han Dynasty, listing the names of officials and craftsmen in detail. Lacquerware unearthed in the Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is very rare compared with the previous generation, which has a certain relationship with the change of burial customs.
Lacquerware in the Tang Dynasty: Lacquerware in the Tang Dynasty reached an unprecedented level, with convex lines shaped by thick paint piled on it; Useful shells are cut into objects, carved with lines, and inlaid with patterns on the paint surface; Gold and silver strippers embedded with honeysuckle slices are available. The craft is superior to the previous generation, carved and exquisite, and combined with lacquer craft, it has become a kind of handicraft representing the style of Tang Dynasty. Split sculpture is the inheritance and development of bodiless techniques since the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Red lacquerware also appeared in the Tang Dynasty.
Lacquerware in Song and Yuan Dynasties: Song Dynasty was once considered as the time when lacquerware was of the same color, but many lacquerware with high decorative patterns were unearthed, which corrected the past understanding. The real pearl relics found in Suzhou Ruiguang Temple Tower, the precious flowers on the pedestal and the supporting staff were all removed with thick paint. Among the lacquerware in the Yuan Dynasty, Qi Diao made the highest achievement, which is characterized by thick lacquer piles and rich and round patterns carved by Tibetan front knife. The appearance is simple and elegant, the details are exquisite, and it has a special charm in texture, such as Zhang Chengzao's mast-patterned red plate in the Palace Museum, Yang Mao's early waterfall view, and Zhang Chengzao's black-lined rhinoceros box in the Anhui Provincial Museum.
Ming and Qing lacquerware: Ming and Qing lacquerware is divided into 14 categories, including monochrome lacquerware, covering lacquer, painting, tracing gold, overlapping lacquer, filling lacquer, carving and filling, mother-of-pearl, rhinoceros skin, removing red and rhinoceros, painting, gilding and embedding treasure.
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