The sixties and eighties of 19 were the embryonic period of international cartels, and the salt cartel formed by 1867 first appeared. 1872 witnessed the emergence of international soda cartels and international soda cartels. 1884, under the situation of European railway overproduction crisis, German, British and Belgian railway manufacturers established the International Manufacturers Association. When this international cartel was established, it was stipulated that the proportion of foreign markets divided by the three countries was: 66% in Britain, 27% in Germany and 7% in Belgium.
Syndicate (French: le syndicat, originally refers to the trade union in the enterprise. ) is one of the main forms of capitalist monopoly organizations. Most of them are organizations established by a few large enterprises in the same production department through signing agreements to uniformly sell goods and purchase raw materials. Enterprises in the syndicate cannot independently sell goods and purchase raw materials, and must be handled by the head office in a unified way to compete fiercely for the share of product sales and raw material distribution. Although they remained independent in production and law, they lost their independence in business. ?
Syndication came into being at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century. Syndicates appeared in some European countries at that time. Many syndicates in Germany developed from cartels. Of the 385 industrial cartels in 1905, about 200 have been United. The monopoly position of syndicate in German economy is also obvious. 1893 established the Rhine-westfalen coal mine syndicate, and 1909 produced 85 million tons of coal in Dortmund, while the output of all other enterprises outside the bureau was only 4.2 million tons (only accounting for 4.9% of the coal mine syndicate); 191March, the output of coal mine syndicate accounted for 92.6% of the total output of Ruhr district and 54% of the total output of German coal. At that time, the proportion of steel syndicate output in China's total steel output has risen to 43 ~ 44%.
Konzern is a transliteration of German Konzern, which originally meant various enterprise groups. This is a huge and complicated form of capitalist monopoly organization. It takes the most powerful monopoly enterprises or banks as the core, and consists of many enterprises from different economic sectors, including ten or even hundreds of enterprises in mining, industry, trade, banking, insurance and transportation. It is the highest organizational form for financial oligarchs to realize their economic rule. Financial oligarchs master the stock control through large banks or large industrial enterprises and make other participants subordinate to themselves, thus controlling capital several times or even dozens times larger than their own capital, occupying a more powerful position in the economy and grabbing high monopoly profits. ?
In the history of capitalist economic development, Kang Zeen was formed in major capitalist countries at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century. Its emergence and development control all aspects of economic, political, cultural and social life, which fully embodies the important characteristics of the integration of bank capital and industrial capital into financial capital in the period of monopoly capitalism. After the Second World War, monopoly organizations in major capitalist countries have become increasingly diversified, and Kang Zeen has also undergone a series of changes, such as strengthening its strength, strengthening its control and utilization of the country, and weakening its family color. It has become the most prominent, typical and dominant form of monopoly organization.
Before the Second World War, the main Japanese Kangzeren Group was also known as the chaebol, among which Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo and An Tian were famous. Around 2000, various "holding companies" and "group corporations" appeared in China and Japan, which were also considered to be the monopoly of Konzern.
Trust, transliteration of English trust. One of the advanced forms of monopoly organization. It is made up of many closely related enterprises that produce similar goods or products. The purpose is to monopolize the sales market, compete for the origin of raw materials and the scope of investment, and strengthen the competitive power in order to obtain high monopoly profits. Participating enterprises have lost their independence in production, commerce and law. The board of directors of the trust manages all production, sales and financial activities in a unified way, and the leadership is in the hands of the largest capitalist. The original business owner becomes a shareholder and receives dividends according to his shares. Participating capitalists compete fiercely for profit distribution and leadership.
Since the end of19th century, American trust has developed rapidly. Trust in western European countries appeared a little late, but it also developed rapidly after the First World War. At present, trust is the most developed in the United States. The trust itself is a legal person, and the board of directors of the trust concentrates all business and financial activities. The original enterprise becomes the shareholder of the trust and distributes the profits according to the equity, and the participants lose the independence of law and production and sales.
monopolize
Monopoly (usually translated as monopoly), individual capital, is generally divided into seller monopoly and buyer monopoly. Seller monopoly means that the only seller faces the competitive consumers in one or more markets through one or more stages; Buyer's monopoly is just the opposite. Theoretically, it is inferred that monopolists can adjust prices and output according to their own interests and needs in the market, but there is no exact case support so far.
As an economic phenomenon, monopoly appears in capitalist society, which is the opposite of competition and the inevitable result of competition development. Lenin also pointed out that when concentration develops to a certain stage, it can be said that it naturally moves towards monopoly. Because dozens of large enterprises can easily reach an agreement with each other; On the other hand, it is the huge scale of enterprises that causes the difficulty of competition and the trend of monopoly.
References:
Baidu import monopoly