1673, gottfried leibniz made a counter with stepped cylindrical wheel, which was called "ladder calculator". This calculator can multiply repeated numbers and automatically add them to the adder.
1694, German mathematician gottfried leibniz improved Pascal's Pascal, and made a machine that can calculate multipliers. It is still operated by gears and dials.
1773, Philip matthaeus manufactured and sold a small number of computers accurate to 12 digits.
1775, the third earl of Stanhope invented a multiplication calculator similar to Leibniz.
In 1786, J.H.Mueller designed a differential extension, but unfortunately there was no money to manufacture it.
180 1 year, Joseph-Marie jacquard's loom used punch cards to control the knitting pattern.
1854, george boole published "Investigation of Thought Laws", which talked about symbols and logical reasoning, and later became the basic concept of computer design. 1858, a telegraph line crossed the Atlantic for the first time and provided service for several days.
186 1 year, a transcontinental telegraph line connects the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.
1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone and obtained a patent.
From 1876 to 1878, Baron Kelvin made the overtone analyzer and tidal forecasting machine.
1882, William S. Burroughs quit his job as a bank clerk and devoted himself to inventing the adder.
1889, herman hollerith's electric tabulator performed well in the competition and was used in the population survey of 1890. Herman hollerith adopted the concept of jacquard loom to calculate. He used a card to store data and then injected it into the machine to compile the results. This machine enables the results of the population survey to be obtained in just six weeks, which takes ten years.
1893, invented the first four-function calculator.
1895, Guillermo Marconi sent a broadcast signal.
1896, Horace founded the watchmaking company.
190 1 year, the punch key appeared, and it has not changed much in the next half century.
1904, John a Fleming obtained the patent of vacuum diode, which laid the foundation of radio communication.
1906, Li defudet added a diode with a third valve in Fermin, creating a three-electrode vacuum tube.
1907, recorded music formed the first official radio station in new york.
1908, the British scientist Campbell Swinton described the method of electronic scanning and predicted the manufacture of TV sets with cathode ray tubes.
19 1 1 year, Hollerith's watch machine company merged with two other companies to form the computer watchmaking and recording company (C-T-R), a watchmaking and recording company. But in 1924, it was renamed International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).
19 1 1 year, Dutch physicist Kamerlingh Onnes discovered superconductivity at Leiden University.
193 1 year, Fannie Bush invented a counting machine that can solve the difference program. This machine can solve some complicated difference programs that are a headache for mathematicians and scientists.
1935, IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) introduced "IBM 60 1", which is a punch card machine with arithmetic components, and can calculate the multiplier within 1 second. It plays a great role in scientific computing and commercial computing. A total of 1500 units were manufactured.
1937, alan turing put forward the concept of "universal machine", which can execute any algorithm, and formed the basic concept of "computability". Turing's concept is superior to other inventions of the same type because he uses the concept of symbol processing.
10 In October, John Vincent Atansov and john berry made a 16-bit adder. This is the first machine to calculate with vacuum tubes.
1939, Zuze and Scherer created "V2" (later called Z2). This machine follows the mechanical storage of Z 1 and adds a new arithmetic component using relay logic. But when Zuze finished the draft, the plan was suspended for a year.
In 1939-40, Schreyer completed the 10 bit adder with vacuum tube and the memory with neon lamp.
1940 In June, Bell Laboratories, Samuel Williams and Stiby Z completed a machine that can calculate complex numbers. It was called "Complex Calculator" and later renamed as I (Model I Relay Calculator). It uses telephone switches as logic elements: 145 circuit breaker and 10 bar switch. Numbers are represented by "plus 3BCD". In September of the same year, the teletypewriter was installed at a math conference and connected from New Hampshire to new york.
1940, Zuse finally completed Z2, which is better than the operation, but not very reliable.
194 1 in the summer of, atanasoff and Berry completed a calculator specially designed for solving linear equations, which was later called "ABC (atanasoff Berry Computer)". It has a 60Hz 50-bit memory, which is installed on two rotating drums in the form of capacitors. clock
194 1 In February, Zuse completed "V3" (later called Z3), which was the first computer that could be programmed to run. It also uses floating-point operation, 7-bit exponent, 14 mantissa and a symbol. The memory can store 64 words, so 1400 circuit breakers are needed. It has more than 1200 operation and control elements, and its programming, input and output are the same as Z 1. 1943 65438+ 10 Howard H. Aiken completed "ASCC Mark I", also known as "Ha Wardemark I". This machine is 5 1 ft long and weighs 5 tons. It consists of 750,000 parts. It has 72 accumulators, each with its own arithmetic unit and a 23-bit register.
194365438+In February, Tommy Flowers and his team completed the first "colossus", which has 2400 vacuum tubes as logic components and five paper tape readers, each of which can work 5000 characters per second.
1943 Under the leadership of John Brainered, ENIAC began its research. John Mochri and J Presper eckert are responsible for the implementation of this plan.
1946, the first electronic digital integral calculator (ENIAC) was built in the United States.
1947, American Computer Association (ACM) was founded.
1947, Britain completed the first storage vacuum tube O 1948 Bell Telephone Company developed semiconductors.
1949, EDSAC was built in Britain.
1950 the word "automation" was first used in the automobile industry.
195 1 year, and the magnetic core is manufactured by MIT.
1952, the first "stored program calculator" was born.
1952, the first large-scale computer system IBM70 1 announced the completion of construction.
1952, the first symbolic language translator was invented successfully.
1954, Bell Telephone Company successfully developed the first semiconductor computer.
1954, the first general data processor IBM650 was born.
1955, the first large computer IBM705 with magnetic core was built.
1956, IBM introduced the scientific 704 computer.
1957, the programming language FORTRAN came out.
1959, the first small scientific calculator IBM620 was successfully developed.
1960, the data processing system IBM 140 1 was successfully developed.
196 1 year, the programming language COBOL came out.
196 1 year, the first platform system computer was designed by MIT.
1963, the BASIC language came out.
1964, the third generation computer IBM360 series.
1965, American digital equipment company launched the first minicomputer PDP-8.
1969, IBM successfully developed a 90-column card machine and a system-3 computer system.
1970, IBM system 1370 computer series.
197 1 year, the unIVersity of Illinois designed and completed the ilium iv supercomputer.
197 1 year, the first microprocessor 4004 was successfully developed by Intel.
From 65438 to 0972, microprocessor substrates began to be produced and sold in large quantities.
1973, IBM successfully developed the first floppy disk.
1975, the Atari-8800 microcomputer came out.
1977, Modol company announced the successful development of the fully combined microcomputer PET-200 1.
1977, TRS-80 microcomputer was born.
1977, Apple Ⅱ microcomputer
1978, bubble memory was used in commercial computers for the second time.
1979, Sharp announced that it had made the first portable microcomputer.
From 65438 to 0982, microcomputers became popular and entered schools and families in large numbers. 1984 65438+1October: Apple releases Macintosh. Based on Motorola68000 microprocessor. 16M can be addressed.
1August, 984: released by MS-DOS 3.0, PC-DOS 3.0 and IBM AT, adopting ISA standard, supporting large hard disk and 1.2M high-density floppy drive.
1end of 984: Compaq began to develop IDE interface, which can transmit data at a faster speed and has been adopted by many peers. Later, EIDE was further introduced, which can support drives up to 528MB. Data transmission is also faster.
1985: Philips and Sony jointly launch optical drives.
1985: EGA standard comes out.
1985101October 17: 80386 DX was launched. The clock frequency reaches 33MHz, which can address 1GB memory. There are more instructions than 286. 6 million instructions per second, integrating 275,000 transistors.
1985165438+1October: released by Microsoft Windows. But it has not been widely used in its version 3.0. Need DOS support, similar to Apple's operating interface, so that it was sued by Apple. The lawsuit was not terminated until August 1997.
1985 65438+ February: MS-DOS 3.2, PC-DOS 3.2. This is the first system that supports 3.5-inch disks. But only 720KB is supported. Only version 3.3 can support 1.44 megabytes.
1986 65438+1October: Apple releases high-performance Macintosh. There are 4 megabytes of memory and SCSI adapters.
1September 1986: Amstrad announced the release of a cheap and powerful computer, Amstrad PC 15 12. Equipped with CGA graphics adapter, 5 12KB memory, 8086 processor and 20mm hard disk. Using mouse and graphical user interface, the design is family-oriented.
1987: release of connecting machine supercomputer. 200 million operations per second using parallel processing.
1987: Microsoft Windows 2.0 was released, which was more successful than the first version, but it didn't improve much. .
1987: Macintosh II released, based on Motorola 68020 processor. Clock 16MHz, 2.6 million instructions per second. There is a SCSI adapter and a color adapter.
1April 2, 987: IBM launches PS/2 system. Originally based on 8086 processor and old XT bus. Later, it transitioned to 80386 and began to use 3.5 inch 1.44MB floppy drive. Microchannel technology has been introduced, and this series of models has achieved great success. Shipments reached 2 million units.
1987: IBM released VGA technology.
1987: IBM released its own microprocessor 8514/a.
1April 987: MS-DOS 3.3, PC-DOS 3.3. Released with IBM PS/2, it supports 1.44MB drive and hard disk partition. Hard disk can be divided into multiple logical drives.
April 1987: Microsoft and IBM release S/2Warp operating system. But it has not achieved much success.
19871October: Compaq DOS (CPQ-DOS) v3.3 1 released. The supported hard disk partition is larger than 32Mb.
1988: establishment of xms standard.
1988: establishment of eisa standard.
July to August of 1988: PC-DOS 4.0 and MS-DOS 4.0. Support memory. However, due to bugs, 4.0 1a was introduced one after another.
1September, 988: IBM PS/20 286 was released, based on 80286 processor, without using its microchannel bus. But other machines continue to use this bus.
19881October: Macintosh Iix released. Based on Motorola 68030 processor. It still uses the main frequency of 16 MHz, with 3.9 million instructions per second, and supports128 RAM.
1988165438+1October: MS-DOS 4.0 1, PC-DOS 4.0 1 released.
1989: Tim Berners Lee founded the prototype of the World Wide Web. He works at the European Institute of Physical Particles. Novices can also browse the Internet easily through hypertext links. This has greatly promoted the development of the Internet.
1989: Philips and Sony released CD-I standard.
1989 65438+1October: Macintosh SE/30 released. Based on the new 68030 processor.
1March, 989: E-IDE standard was established, which can support hard disk capacity above 528MB. The transmission speed can reach 33.3 MB/s, and it is adopted by many optical disks.
1989 April 10: 80486 DX released, integrating1.2000 transistors. The clock frequency of its subsequent models reaches 100MHz.
1989165438+1October: the sound blaster card was released.
1990: Establishment of SVGA standard.
1March, 990: Macintosh Iifx released, based on 68030CPU, clocked at 40MHz, using faster SCSI interface.
1May 22, 990: Microsoft released Windows 3.0. Compatible with MS-DOS mode.
1990 10 month: released by Macintosh Classic, and the display card supports 256 colors.
1990165438+1October: the first generation of MPC (multimedia personal computer standard) was released. The processor was at least 80286/ 12MHz, and later it was increased to 80386SX/ 16 MHz, and the transmission rate of the optical drive was at least 150 KB/ sec.
199 1: Publish ISA standard.
199 1 May: Sound Blaster Pro was released.
19965438+June 0: MS-DOS 5.0, PC-DOS 5.0. In order to promote the development of OS/2, Bill Gates said: DOS5.0 is a DOS terminator and will not spend any energy on it in the future. This version has exceeded the basic memory limit of 640KB. This version also marks the end of the cooperation between Microsoft and IBM on DOS.
1992: Published by Windows NT, with an addressable 2G RAM.
April 1992: Windows 3. 1 released.
June 1992: Sound Blaster 16 ASP released.
1released at 22: 00 on March 22nd, 993. More than 3 million transistors are integrated. The initial operating frequency is 60-66MHz. Execute 1 100 million instructions per second.
1May, 993: MPC standard 2 was released. The transmission rate of optical disc requires 300 kb/ s.. Play 15 images per second in a 320*240 window.
199365438+February: MS-DOS6.0 was released, including a hard disk compressor DoubleSpace, but a small company claimed that Microsoft had plagiarized some of its technologies. So in the later DOS6.2, Microsoft renamed it DriveSpace. Later, DOS in WIN95 became DOS7.0 and DOS7. 10 in WIN95OSR2.
1994 March 7th: Intel released 90- 100 MHz Pentium processor.
1September, 994: PC-DOS 6.3 was released.
1994 10 10: Intel released 75 MHz Pentium processor.
1994: Netscape 1.0 browser release.
1March 27th, 995: Intel released the Pentium processor of 120 Mhz.
1 June 99561:Intel released 133 Mhz Pentium processor.
1August 23, 995: Windows '95 was released. Very different from the previous version. Completely divorced from MS-DOS, but taking care of users' habits still retains the form of DOS. Pure 32-bit multitasking operating system. This version has been a great success.
1 995165438+1October1:Pentium Pro released. The main frequency can reach 200 MHz, 440 million instructions are completed per second, and 5.5 million transistors are integrated.
199565438+February: Netscape released its. JavaScript。
1996: Earthquake, Civilization II, Command and Control. A series of famous games such as "Conquest-Red Alert" were released.
199665438+1October: Netscape Navigator 2.0 was released, the first browser supporting JavaScript.
199665438+1October 4th: Intel released 150- 166MHz Pentium processor with 3.3 million transistors integrated.
1996: Windows '95 OSR2 was released, which fixed some bugs and extended some functions.
1997:GR and famous games such as car theft, Thor's Hammer 2 and blade runner were released, and 3D graphics accelerator cards became popular.
1997 65438+1October 8th: Intel released Pentium MMX. Games and multimedia functions have been enhanced.
April 1997: IBM's deep blue computer defeated Kasparov, the world champion of human chess.
1May 7, 997: Intel released Pentium II, adding more instructions and more caches.
1June 2, 997: Intel released 233 MHz Pentium MMX.
1Feb. 998: Intel released the Pentium II processor with 333 MHz. Adopt 0.25 micron technology to improve speed and reduce calorific value.
1June 25th, 998: Microsoft released Windows '98, and someone tried to dismember Microsoft. Microsoft retorted that it would harm the national interests of the United States.
1Feb. 22, 999: AMD released K6-III 400MHz. Tests show that its performance exceeds that of Intel P-III. Integrated 23 million transistors and socket 7 structure.
1On February 26th, 999, Intel introduced the Pentium III processor. Pentium III adopts the same Slot 1 architecture as Pentium II, and adds SSE instruction set containing 70 brand-new instructions to enhance 3D and multimedia processing capabilities. At first, the clock frequency was above 450MHz, the bus speed was above 100MHz, and it was manufactured by 0.25μm process, and the secondary cache was integrated above 5 12KB.
1On June 23rd, 999, AMD introduced a processor named Athlon, which adopted a brand-new architecture and the CPU frequency surpassed Intel for the first time. Since then, a wonderful and fierce processor frequency and speed war has begun.
1 September 19991day, Nvidia introduced GeForce256 display chip and put forward a brand-new GPU concept.
1October 25th, 1999, 10, the Pentium Ⅲ Ⅲ processor code-named Coppermine was released. Using 0. 18μm process, a 256KB full-speed L2Cache with 28 million transistors is integrated.
On February 17, 2007, Microsoft released Windows2000.
On April 27th, 2000, AMD released the "Duron" processor and began to attack Intel in the low-end market.
On September 14, 2000, Microsoft officially launched the Millennium version of windows Me for home users, which is the last DOS-based operating system of Microsoft.
On June/KOOC-0/65438+/KOOC-0/October/KOOC-0/2, 2000, Microsoft announced the launch of a thin and light personal computer Tablet PC.
20001October 20th, 165438+ Intel officially launched the Pentium 4 processor. The processor adopts a brand-new Netburst architecture, the bus frequency reaches 400MHz, and 144 new instructions are added to improve the processing capacity of multimedia and 3D graphics such as video and audio.
On March 26th, 20001year, Apple released the Mac OS X operating system, which was the first major revision of Apple's operating system since the birth of 1984.
200 1 19 In June, Intel introduced P3 and Celeron processors with "Tualatin" core, which was the first time that Intel adopted 0. 13 micron technology.
200110/On October 8th, AMD announced the launch of Athlon XP series processors, with a brand-new core, professional 3D Now! Instruction set and OPGA (organic pin array) package, and adopt the naming specification of "relative performance label" (PR nominal value). At the same time, the excellent performance-to-price ratio of the processor doubles the pressure on Intel.
200110/On October 25th, Microsoft launched the Windows XP operating system, and Bill Gates announced: "The DOS era is over." The release of Windows XP has also promoted the global PC hardware market at a low tide.
On February 5, 2002, Nvidia released GeForce 4 series graphics processing chips, which are divided into two series: Ti and Mx. Among them, GeForce4 Ti 4200 and GeForce 4 MX 440 have become the models with strong vitality in the market.
On May 13, 2002, Matrox, a long-lost veteran display chip manufacturer, officially released the Parhelia-5 12 (Chinese name: Magic Sky) display chip, which is also the world's first 5 12bit GPU.
On July 17, 2002, ATI released the Laser Dragon 9700 graphics card, and adopted the display core code R300, which undoubtedly knocked Nvidia off the throne of 3D performance for the first time.
On June 8, 2002165438+1October/kloc-0, Nvidia released the GeForce FX graphics card code NV30, and used the 0. 13 micron manufacturing process for the first time on this product. Due to the adoption of many advanced technologies, this graphics card is also called an epoch-making product.
On June 7th, 2003, at 65438, Intel released a new mobile processing specification "Centrino".
On February 10, 2003, AMD released Barton's Athlon XP processor. Although it was not recognized by the media for a long time after its launch, Barton finally created a Barton era that all DIYer will miss infinitely with its high cost performance and excellent overclocking ability.
On February 12, 2003, FutureMark officially released 3Dmark 03, but it triggered the trust crisis of testing software.
In 2005, Intel began to promote dual-core CPU.
In 2006, Intel began to promote quad-core CPU.
In 2007, Intel IDF Conference launched an 80-core CPU that shocked the world 2 trillion times.