Einstein’s story in 20 words
Einstein was not lively when he was a child. He could not speak even when he was more than three years old. His parents were worried that he was mute and took him to the doctor. examine. Fortunately, little Einstein was not mute, but he could not speak very smoothly until he was nine years old. Every word he spoke had to be thought through laboriously but carefully. The story of Einstein in 150 words?
Thousands of years ago, there was a popular story among the people, a story about bees...
On a warm spring morning, hundreds of flowers were blooming, and the bees were busy and could not stop. , and some little bees, they are studying in a warm nest. There was a bee who was studying in college. He thought that bees did not necessarily collect honey, so he decided to take a trip to the outside world one day. The fire in his heart was burning, and even water could not extinguish it.
The next day, the sun slowly rose from the eastern sea level, and the sun lit half of the sky red. At this time, he got up lazily and prepared for today's wonderful trip.
It took a lot of effort to pack the luggage. It waved its wings, jumped, and flew towards the world outside the window - "Wow - yo ho - wow -" waves of exclamations came from its mouth. Because the outside world is so wonderful, everyone is amazed by him.
He flew near some houses and saw people playing with dogs. The puppy jumped around, not flying like him at all. It found it very interesting and flew over to tease it, "Hey..." The man saw it and asked him to fly to the person's hand and stroke it with his fingers. Bee said, "You cute little thing, are you hungry?" Then he pinched some biscuit crumbs and gave it to him. This was because he thought he was very kind.
Time will pass, and it returns to its nest, and the gang in its heart ignites again, "I want to serve mankind, it doesn't matter if it's a little bitter!"
Now you Do you know why bees work so hard to serve the people? The story of Einstein 50 words
Einstein was not lively when he was a child. He could not speak when he was more than three years old. His parents were worried that he was mute and took him to a doctor for examination. Fortunately, little Einstein was not mute, but he could not speak very smoothly until he was nine years old. Every word he spoke had to be thought through laboriously but carefully.
Childhood: Knocked a hole in my sister’s head
When Einstein was born on March 14, 1879, he had an unusually large and angular back of his head. His mother thought he was a Deformed babies. He's two and a half years old and can't speak yet. One day, a little sister riding a bicycle came to the house. He said a complete sentence: Yes, but where are her little wheels? When he was 5 years old, he had a violent temper and scared away his tutor. He also used a child's hoe to knock a "big hole" in his sister's head.
Einstein's truancy story
In the spring of 1895, Einstein was 16 years old. According to German law at the time, boys who left Germany before the age of 17 did not have to return to serve in the military. Due to his deep hatred of militarism and the fact that he could no longer bear to be alone in the military-like Luipold High School, Einstein decided to leave Germany without consulting his parents and reunite with his parents in Italy.
However, what should I do if I drop out of school and cannot get a diploma in the future? Einstein, who had always been honest and simple, came up with an idea that he thought was a good one in desperation. He asked his math teacher to give him a certificate saying that he had excellent math scores and had already reached the university level. He also got a sick leave certificate from a familiar doctor, saying that he had a nervous breakdown and needed to go home to rest. Einstein thought that with these two proofs, he could escape from this disgusting place.
Unexpectedly, before he applied, the dean of students called him in and ordered him to drop out of school on the grounds that he had ruined the class spirit and failed to abide by school discipline. Einstein blushed. No matter what the reason was, as long as he could leave this middle school, he was willing to do so and didn't care about anything else. He just suddenly felt guilty for having come up with a cunning idea that he never implemented. Later, Einstein felt guilty every time he mentioned it.
Perhaps this kind of thing is too far away from his frank and sincere personality.
When Einstein was four or five years old, he was ill in bed, and his father gave him a compass. When he found that the compass kept pointing in a fixed direction, he was very surprised and felt that there must be something deeply hidden behind this phenomenon. He happily played with the compass for several days and pestered his father and Uncle Jacob with a series of questions. Although he couldn't even pronounce the word "magnetism" well, he stubbornly wanted to know why the compass could guide. This deep and lasting impression could still be vividly recalled by Einstein until he was sixty-seven years old
Einstein's story - an old coat
One day, love Einstein met a friend on the streets of New York.
"Mr. Einstein," the friend said, "it seems that you need to buy a new coat. Look how old this one is on you!"
" What does it matter? No one knows me in New York anyway," Einstein said nonchalantly.
A few years later, they met again by chance. At this time, Einstein was already famous all over the world, but he was still wearing his old coat. His friend suggested that he buy a new coat.
"Why bother?" Einstein said, "Everyone here already knows me anyway." The Story of Einstein in 200 words
The Story of Einstein
When Einstein was a child, he took a craft class and decided to make a small wooden stool. The bell rang after class, and the students rushed to hand in their handiwork to the teacher. What Einstein handed to the teacher was a crudely made wooden stool.
The teacher glanced at Einstein and said angrily and sarcastically: "I don't think there is a worse stool in the world." Einstein's face turned red, but But he said firmly to the teacher: "Yes, teacher. Yes, there are worse stools than this." After saying that, he walked back to his seat and took out two cruder small wooden stools from under the desk. .
Einstein was very playful when he was a child. His mother warned him repeatedly: "We can't go on like this." Einstein always replied disapprovingly: "Look at my friends, aren't they all the same as me?" One day, his father gave Einstein Stan told an interesting story. My father said: "Yesterday, my neighbor Uncle Jack and I went to clean a large chimney in the factory in the south. The chimney can only be climbed up by stepping on a steel step ladder. You, Uncle Jack, are in front, and I am in the back. We hold on to the handrails, I finally climbed up step by step. When I came down, your Uncle Jack was still walking in front, and I followed. When I got out of the chimney, I saw your Uncle Jack's appearance and thought that I must be just like him, with a dirty face. Clown, so I went to the nearby creek and washed again and again. As for your Uncle Jack, he saw that I was clean when I got out of the chimney, so he thought he was as clean as me, so he just washed it hastily. After washing his hands, he went out to the streets. As a result, people on the street laughed so hard that they thought Uncle Jack was a lunatic. "My father solemnly said to Einstein: "Actually, no one else can be your mirror. "Only you are your own mirror. If you use others as a mirror, you may turn yourself into a genius." After hearing this, Einstein suddenly felt ashamed and left the group of naughty children. He always used himself as a mirror to examine and reflect himself, and finally reflected the brilliance of his life... The Story of Einstein
Einstein
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
The greatest physicist of the 20th century. Einstein was born in a Jewish family in Ulm, Germany on March 14, 1879. Under the influence of his uncle, an engineer, he was enlightened in natural science and philosophy from an early age. In 1896, Einstein entered the Normal Department of the Technical University of Zurich to study physics. He obtained Swiss citizenship in 1901 and was hired by the Swiss Patent Office in Bern as a technician the following year to engage in technical appraisal of invention patent applications.
He used his spare time to conduct scientific research and achieved a historic achievement in 1905. In 1909, Einstein left the Swiss Patent Office and became an associate professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich. In 1912, he became a professor at his alma mater, the Technical University of Zurich. In 1914, he returned to Germany and became the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics and a professor at the University of Berlin. After the establishment of the fascist regime, Einstein was persecuted and forced to leave Germany. In 1933, he moved to the United States and served as a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton until his retirement in 1945.
Einstein is one of the most creative and intelligent figures in human history. He pioneered four areas of physics during his lifetime: special relativity, general relativity, cosmology and unified field theory. He is one of the main founders of quantum theory and has also made significant contributions to molecular kinetic theory and quantum statistical theory.
Einstein published the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" in 1905, proposing the principle of special relativity and the principle of constant speed of light, and established the special theory of relativity. Based on this, he further derived the mass-energy formula E=mc2, which states that mass and energy are equivalent. The special theory of relativity reveals the unity of space and time as the existence form of matter, the unity of mechanical motion and electromagnetic kinematics, further reveals the unity of matter and motion, and lays a theoretical foundation for the utilization of atomic energy.
In 1915, Einstein established the general theory of relativity, which further revealed the relationship between four-dimensional space, time and matter. According to the gravity theory of general relativity, he inferred that light in a gravitational field does not propagate along a straight line but along a curve. In 1919, this prediction was confirmed when British astronomers observed a solar eclipse. In 1938, Einstein made significant progress in the motion problem of general relativity. He deduced the object motion equation from the field equations, which further revealed the unity of space-time, matter, motion and gravity.
Einstein made great contributions to quantum theory. In 1905, he proposed the hypothesis that the distribution of energy in space is not continuous. He believed that energy at the speed of light has quantum properties in the process of propagation, absorption and generation, and successfully revealed the photoelectric effect. This is the first time in history that the unity of the wave nature and particle nature of radiation has been revealed in the process of human understanding of nature. In 1916, Einstein proposed the theory of stimulated emission in his paper on the quantum theory of radiation, which laid the theoretical foundation for today's laser technology.
After general relativity, Einstein explored the universe and the unified field theory of gravity and electromagnetism. In order to prove the stationary distribution of celestial bodies in space, a finite and boundless stationary universe model was proposed based on the gravitational field. This model is unstable. The galactic separation motion can be predicted from the gravitational field equation, and this galaxy separation motion was later observed in astronomy.
Einstein loved music and believed that his achievements in playing the violin were superior to his achievements in physics. Einstein died in Princeton on April 18, 1955. In respect of his will, no monument was built or any activities were held. His ashes were scattered in a place that will always be kept secret.
In November 1905, Einstein also published a second article on the special theory of relativity in the German magazine "Physics Chronicle": "Is the inertia of an object related to the energy it contains?" ", this is a short article, in which he proposed that the mass of an object is not constant, but increases as the speed of movement increases. This is the "mass increase effect" of objects in motion.
Now let's imagine that we are pushing a small cart. The cart is very light and has nothing on it. Suppose this is an "ideal" cart in a vacuum, without any friction or resistance. Therefore, as long as we continue to push it, its speed will become faster and faster, but as time goes by, Its mass is also getting larger and larger. At first, it looks like the car is piled with steel, then it seems to contain a Himalayas, and then it seems to contain an earth, a solar system, a galaxy... When the small car approaches the speed of light, it seems that The entire universe rests on it - its mass reaches infinity. At this time, no matter how hard you apply or how long you push, it can't move any faster.
It can be seen that since a photon travels at the speed of light, its rest mass must be equal to zero, otherwise its moving mass will be infinite.
When an object moves close to the speed of light, we continue to apply external forces to the object and supply energy. However, it becomes more and more difficult to increase the speed of the object. Where does the energy we apply go? In fact, energy does not disappear, but is converted into mass. That is to say, the increase in the mass of an object is closely related to the increase in kinetic energy, or there is a close connection between the mass and energy of an object. In the process of explaining this connection, Einstein proposed the famous mass-energy relationship: E=mc2.
Energy is equal to mass multiplied by the square of the speed of light. Even in the eyes of purely theoretical physicists who do not care much about its practical value, it is thrilling. In the eyes of most people, energy is equal to The mass multiplied by the square of the speed of light means that the energy is 9 million times the mass. What an attractive prospect it is! If the mass of a substance the size of a fingernail completely disappears, the energy released would be calculated in tens of thousands of tons of coal.
Unfortunately, no one can reduce the mass casually. For example, a stone can be smashed into small pieces with a hammer and then crushed into powder, but when you carefully collect the powder, you will find that Its quality has not changed.
However, more than ten years later, in 1939, three scientists, Joliot Curie, Fermi, and Szilard, independently discovered the chain reaction, allowing mankind to find a way to release huge atomic energy. method. When the nucleus of uranium 235 is bombarded by neutrons, it will undergo fission and split into two new nuclei of medium mass, releasing 1 to 3 neutrons and releasing huge energy. These neutrons can cause other uranium nuclei to split again. Repeatedly, a chain reaction is formed, continuously releasing huge energy. This is a chain reaction.
The chain reaction made atomic energy a new weapon with great destructive power. Just a few years later, mankind's first atomic bomb was successfully exploded in the United States. Immediately afterwards, the Japanese suffered the most cruel punishment in human history. Hundreds of thousands of people were killed or injured, and some of them were instantly transformed into elementary particles. It really became The soul is in disarray. Before E=mc2 brought hope to the world, it first brought fatal trauma. All of this was undoubtedly a heavy blow to the peace-loving Einstein, who was still grieving for it until his death.
The Big Bang
What surprises us contemporary people is that as late as 1917, the most intelligent brains of mankind still thought that our galaxy was the entire universe, and this The universe the size of the Milky Way is always stable and will neither get bigger nor get smaller. This is the steady-state view of the universe that has been passed down for thousands of years.
In 1917, Einstein tried to deduce a model of the entire universe based on the equations of general relativity, but he found that in such a model with only gravity, the universe was either expanding or contracting. In order to keep this universe model static, Einstein added a new concept to his equations - the cosmological constant, which represents a repulsive force, opposite to gravity, which increases with the distance between celestial bodies. And enhance. This is an imaginary force that counteracts the effects of gravity.
However, Einstein soon discovered that he was wrong. Because scientists soon discovered that the universe is actually expanding!
The first person to observe this was Hubble, the father of astronomy in the 20th century. Hubble was born in Missouri in the United States in 1889 and graduated from the Department of Astronomy at the University of Chicago. In 1929, Hubble discovered that all galaxies are moving away from us, indicating that the universe is expanding. This expansion is a uniform expansion in the entire space. Therefore, an observer at any point will see exactly the same expansion. From any galaxy, all galaxies spread out in all directions with it as the center. The faster galaxies spread out from each other.
The expansion of the universe means that in the early days, stars were much closer to each other, and at some point in the more distant past, they seemed to be within the same small radius.
When the news of the expansion of the universe reached the famous physicist Gamow, it immediately aroused the scholar's interest.
George Gamow was born in Russia. He was deeply interested in poetry, geometry and physics since childhood. He became the favorite disciple of physicist Friedman in college. Friedman proposed an important cosmic expansion model after Einstein, and Gamow also became one of the enthusiastic supporters of the cosmic expansion theory. In 1945, the first atomic bomb in human history was successfully exploded. Looking at the photo of the mushroom cloud rising, Gamow suddenly had an inspiration: "enlarging" the scale of the atomic bomb to infinity, wouldn't it become a cosmic explosion? He combined the knowledge of nuclear physics with the theory of cosmic expansion and gradually formed his own theoretical system of the big bang universe.
In 1948, Gamov and his student Alpha co-wrote a famous paper, systematically proposing the theory of the origin and evolution of the universe. Different from our usual thinking, the Big Bang that created the universe was not an explosion that occurred at a certain point and then spread to the surrounding air. Instead, space itself was expanding, and the matter in the galaxy expanded with the expansion of space. kit separately.
According to the Big Bang cosmology, the very early universe was a large area of ??uniform gas composed of microscopic particles. It was extremely hot, extremely dense, and expanding at a very high rate. Gamow also made an extraordinary prediction: Our universe is still bathed in the residual radiation of the early high-temperature universe, but the temperature has dropped to about 6K. Just like a stove, although there is no fire anymore, it can still emit some heat.
In 1964, young engineers from the American Bell Telephone Company, Penzias and Wilson, discovered by chance the residual radiation of the early universe predicted by Gamow. After measurements and calculations, they concluded The temperature of this residual radiation is 2.7K (lower than the temperature predicted by Gamow), and is generally called the 3K cosmic microwave background radiation. This discovery strongly supports the Big Bang theory.
The wisdom of general relativity is that it can describe the entire universe from its birth, even those unknown areas are included. Letting it deal with a small and ordinary space-time domain like the solar system is really overkill.
The resurrection of the cosmological constant - dark energy
After discovering the fact of the expansion of the universe, Einstein hurriedly removed the cosmological constant term from his equation and Thinking that the cosmological constant was the "biggest mistake of his life." Subsequently, the cosmological constant was consigned to the dustbin of history.
However, fate played tricks on people, and decades later, the cosmological constant resurrected like a ghost. This resurrection of the cosmological constant is attributed to the discovery of dark energy.
In 1998, astronomers discovered that the universe is not only expanding, but also expanding outward at an unprecedented acceleration, and all distant galaxies are moving away from us faster and faster. Then there must be some hidden force secretly tearing galaxies apart from each other in an accelerating expansion. This is a repulsive energy, which scientists call "dark energy." In recent years, scientists have confirmed through various observations and calculations that dark energy not only exists, but also dominates the universe. Its total amount reaches approximately 73% of the total amount of the universe, while dark matter in the universe accounts for approximately 23% and ordinary matter. Only about 4. We have always thought that the sky full of stars is enough. What else in the universe can compare with them? But now, we have discovered that these stars in the sky are "vulnerable groups", and most of the rest are about whom we know little or nothing at all. How can this not be thrilling!
In fact, as early as 1930, astrophysicists pointed out that Einstein’s cosmological equations that added the cosmological constant could not produce a completely static universe: because gravity and the cosmological constant are An unstable equilibrium, a small disturbance can cause the universe to expand and contract out of control. The discovery of dark energy tells us that Einstein's cosmological constant, which competes with gravity, not only does exist, but also greatly disturbs our universe, making the expansion rate of the universe seriously out of control. After a series of twists and turns, the cosmological constant is being resurrected in time.
The cosmological constant appears in front of the world today as dark energy, and the surging repulsive force it generates has changed the color of the entire universe! The wrestling battle between dark energy and gravity has not stopped since the birth of the universe. In this long battle, the most important thing is each other's density. The density of matter decreases as the space increases due to the expansion of the universe; but the density of dark energy changes very slowly, or remains unchanged at all, as the universe expands. A long time ago, the density of matter was relatively high, so the universe at that time was in a stage of decelerating expansion. Today, the density of dark energy is greater than the density of matter, and the repulsive force has completely taken over control from gravity, with unprecedented force. Speed ??drives the expansion of the universe. According to the predictions of some scientists, in more than 20 billion years, the universe will usher in a turbulent end. The terrifying dark energy will eventually tear apart all galaxies, stars, and planets one by one, leaving only endless cold, dark.
The discovery of dark energy also fully reflects that the human cognitive process has entered a "paradox circle": that is, what accounts for the largest proportion in the universe is the latest and most difficult for us to understand. Known. On the one hand, humans now understand more and more about the mysteries of the universe, and on the other hand, we face more and more unknowns. And this increasingly profound unknown, in turn, continues to encourage mankind to explore the truth behind the universe.
Where does dark energy come from? How will it develop? This is already one of the most significant issues facing cosmology in the 21st century.
The great discovery of black holes
General relativity shows that the gravitational field can cause space to bend. A strong gravitational field can cause strong space curvature. So what will happen to an infinitely powerful gravitational field? ?
Shortly after Einstein published his general theory of relativity in 1916, German physicist Karl Schwarzschild used the theory to describe how space and time would be curved near a hypothetical completely spherical star. He proved that if the mass of a star is concentrated into a small enough spherical area, for example, if a celestial body has the same mass as the sun and a radius of only 3 kilometers, the strong gravitational squeeze will increase the density of that celestial body infinitely, causing disaster. The collapse of sex makes the space and time there become infinitely curved. In such a space and time, not even light can escape! Since there is no connection with light signals, this space-time is divided into two areas with different properties from the outside space-time. The dividing sphere is the horizon.
This is the black hole we are familiar with today, but at that time, almost no one believed that such a strange celestial body existed. Even masters of relativity such as Einstein himself and Eddington clearly expressed their opposition to this. Einstein also said that he could prove that no star can reach infinite density. Even the name black hole was not named by American physicist Wheeler until 1967.
Of course, history will not stop moving forward because of this. In the 1930s, American astronomer Chandrasekhar proposed the famous "Chandrasekhar Limit", that is: when a star When the mass of its hydrogen core after burning out is more than 1.44 times the mass of the sun, it will not be able to turn into a white dwarf, but will continue to collapse and shrink, becoming a star smaller in volume and denser than a white dwarf, that is, a neutron star. In 1939, American physicist Oppenheimer further proved that when the mass of a star after its hydrogen core is burned out is more than three times the mass of the sun, its own gravity will prevent light from escaping from the star. scope.
With the accumulation of experience, the theory about black holes has matured. People have completely rejected this monster and gradually believed in it. By the 1960s, people have generally accepted the concept of black holes and the mystery of black holes. was gradually studied.
Strictly speaking, a black hole is not a "star" in the usual sense, but is just a region of space.
This is an area that is not connected to our daily universe. The black hole event horizon isolates these two areas. Outside the event horizon, light signals can communicate with each other at any distance. This is the normal universe we live in; and outside the event horizon, Inside, light cannot travel freely from one place to another, but is concentrated toward the center, and the connection between events is strictly restricted. This is a black hole.
Inside the black hole, as the object falls toward the black hole, the tidal force becomes larger and larger. In the central area, the gravity and tidal force are both infinite. Therefore, in the center of the black hole, except for mass, charge and angular momentum, all other properties of matter are lost, and atoms, molecules, etc. will no longer exist! In this case, it is impossible to talk about which part of the black hole's matter is, the black hole is a unity!
In the center of the black hole, all matter is squeezed extremely tightly into a geometric point whose volume approaches zero infinitely. It is impossible for any powerful force to separate them. This is the so-called "singularity" state. General relativity cannot examine this, and must be replaced by a new correct theory - quantum theory. Ironically, general relativity gave us a black hole, but it failed at the singularity of the black hole. Quantum theory took its place, and quantum theory and relativity are not compatible with each other at all!
The Story of Einstein - An Old Coat
One day, Einstein met a friend on the street in New York.
"Mr. Einstein," the friend said, "it seems that you need to buy a new coat. Look how old this one is on you!"
" What does it matter? No one knows me in New York anyway," Einstein said nonchalantly.
A few years later, they met again by chance. At this time, Einstein was already famous all over the world, but he was still wearing his old coat. His friend suggested that he buy a new coat.
"Why bother?" Einstein said, "Everyone here already knows me."
Accept it~~~