The United States will transfer low-end industries first, and then operate through the market, and the profits earned by the United States are still very high. With these profits, the United States can subsidize domestic functions, but gradually the United States finds it wrong, because there are too many transfers. More importantly, according to the American idea, the United States originally mastered the high-end of the industrial chain, so the United States did not master the high-end, and then less importantly, it did not master the terminal. Countries like China have mastered the low end and exported step by step, so the United States can make the most profits at every level. In this way, other countries are working for the United States when they develop industrialization. After all, it is good for the industry to make a profit of 10% a year, but it is normal for the financial industry to make a profit of 30% to 40%.
Today, it seems stupid for everyone to see that the United States wants to industrialize, but in fact it is not. If no country in the world has a complete industrial chain, then the United States can be invincible, but the problem has arisen. A behemoth like China has not only a complete industrial chain, but also a particularly complete industrial system, which makes the United States feel very uncomfortable.
Because if the whole world can cooperate to produce a product, the United States is inseparable from every country, because you must trade in dollars, but if a country can produce a complete industrial product at home, then the status of the United States will be lost.
For example. If the earth is a village, then the United States is the big landlord in the village. And the only one.
Only he is the landlord, and other families are rich when they are dead.
He has a lot of land, money, family and power. At the same time, he monopolized the core technology of breeding.
The poor in the village must be by his side if they want to develop. Ask him to rent land, borrow money, borrow seeds and authorize technology. Otherwise, there is no way to develop.
As for the landlord, he rents out the land and half of the harvest belongs to him; Borrow a barrel of seeds and get back two barrels; Borrow a dollar and get back two dollars at maturity.
The landlord wants to eat rice, so he can let Zhang Laotou grow rice. Give me some benefits, and Lao Zhangman will not be disobedient.
The land mainly eats pie, and Li Laotou is responsible for growing wheat. Give me something, and Lao Li won't have a problem.
The landlord wanted to eat meat, so he put Yang Laotou in charge of raising pigs. Yang Laotou didn't want to do it, but the landlord's thugs slapped him in the past, and Yang Laotou could only promise with tears.
At the end of the year, if the poor still owe money, the landlord will count the money until it is soft.
If not, the landlord will not lose money. Landlords will send thugs to directly take over the ancestral houses of the poor and force them to sell their wives and daughters. Just like Huang Shiren robbed Yang Bailao's daughter.
This is a profitable business, and the landlord will not lose money.
In this way, over time, the landlord controlled the freedom of life and ancestral property of the poor families in the village.
In the village, the landlord can do whatever he wants.
And in this case, can the landlord still work? Is it possible for landlords to hire people to farm?
It's impossible.
How much trouble is it to hire people to farm, and how much money is it?
Since there are a large number of poor people to use, the landlord will arrange a division of labor for the poor, and he will just lie down and collect the rent himself.
While collecting rent, he can also enjoy rice, wheat and pork paid by the poor. Isn't it beautiful?
In this system, no one can jump out of the Wuzhishan of the landlord.
After all, the landlord is very awesome. Who dares to challenge him?
This was the case when the United States went to industrialization.
At that time, the United States endorsed the government's credit and national strength (fist), making the dollar a world currency.
Subsequently, the dollar became a harvester, madly harvesting the world's physical wealth for Americans.
The dollars released by the United States buy entities and assets all over the world, and 300,000 people on Wall Street earn more financial service fees each year than more than one billion people earn through hard work and export.
Wall Street makes money, driving the income of accounting, lawyers, management and other industries to increase. The consumption of these people, in turn, drives the wages of people in real estate, professors, doctors, restaurants and other service industries. In addition, it will promote wage growth in other industries such as construction and agriculture.
The rising income of Americans has led to an increase in the cost and price of American goods.
When the manufacturing owners find that the operating costs are getting higher and higher, their products are not competitive, and consumers don't buy it, naturally there are only three choices.
One is to close the factory and make money in the financial industry. For example, the interest on US Treasury bonds is very high. The dividend from buying government bonds may be higher than the profit from running a factory for a year.
A few years ago, the real estate boom in China was exactly the same. The factory owner worked hard for a year, and the profit he earned was not as big as that of two suites a year. It is better to buy a house than to run a business. Who has the enthusiasm to run an industry?
The second is to transfer the production line to backward areas and gain benefits by squeezing costs. And the list goes on. Like general motors.
The third is to close the production line and authorize the production authority to enterprises in other countries. American companies import goods directly, which is more profitable than their own domestic production. For example, Apple and Qualcomm took this road.
Whichever of these options you choose will lead to the closure or removal of American factories.
Isn't the end result industrialization?
Therefore, the phenomenon of deindustrialization in the United States was not surprising in itself. What is really worth thinking about is why the United States dares to industrialize.
You know, industry is the economic pillar of a country.
Once upon a time, it was a hot topic of public opinion for developed countries to deindustrialize and eliminate the backward production capacity of third world countries.
In the early years, the United States, Britain, Canada, France, Germany and so on were all deindustrializing.
However, in recent years, it has suddenly been discovered that although France, Italy, Germany, Finland, Sweden and other European countries have eliminated backward production capacity to the third world, they have not industrialized.
Today, these countries are still industrial powers. The proportion of industrial employees is not low.
Some institutions have counted the data.
The employment population of the secondary industry in China is about 2 1 100 million. According to the total employed population of 780 million, accounting for about 27%.
European countries are generally lower, but not much lower.
Germany is 25%, Italy and Spain are 20%.
In contrast, Britain, the United States, Australia, and Canada all pulled over, only about 15%.
(US Employment Department Data 1948-20 10)
This shows that the tide has receded, and only the five-eye alliance countries such as the United States and Britain are truly industrialized. In other countries, industry is still the mainstay of the economy, and they dare not industrialize.
So, why is this happening?
In fact, the reason has been said before.
The deindustrialization of the United States is the result of the positive export of American capital and technology.
Although the proportion of employees in the secondary industry in the United States is decreasing, in the process of de-industrialization, the United States has not transferred cutting-edge technology and high-end manufacturing.
Today, the United States still controls the world's top research and development and technology research and development, and there are countless black technologies. It is still the maker of global trade rules, with the rights of commodity pricing, efficiency and scale of securities pricing and trading, and circulation and distribution of reserve currency.
For other countries, as long as they want to share a piece of globalization, they can't bypass the United States.
Now you can cut whoever you want, or the United States.
For example, Southeast Asia, which was harvested that year, is still staged today. (The harvesting logic is simple. First of all, the capital invested in dollars to help build local factories, which led to temporary prosperity. After producing high-quality assets, the capital will voluntarily withdraw before the prosperity breaks down, and after the local asset prices fall rapidly, the capital will enter the bargain-hunting and low-cost acquisition to complete the final harvest)
America has played the trick of fattening and harvesting many times. Time and time again, the average country can't beat it at all.
After all, America is not an isolated country.
The United States, as we usually know, is a country located in the south of North America, adjacent to Canada and Mexico.
However, the actual "United States" is a huge "alliance system" with Canada and Australia as the main raw materials, Europe, Japan, South Korea and Southeast Asia as light and heavy industrial bases, US dollars as harvesting weapons, and Britain as a die-hard ally, with more than a dozen aircraft carrier formations around the world.
Finance is just a means for the "America" to suck blood from backward countries.
Technology is just an excuse to suck blood.
Abundant strength is the guarantee of whether you can suck blood.
There are always people in our country who think it is easy to overthrow the United States, which is a bit too optimistic.
The difficulties we face are actually great.
Of course, this does not mean that we have no chance of winning.
As long as we persist in development and unity, there will always be opportunities.
Didn't the United States pull down the old overlord Britain by persisting in continuous development and seizing the opportunity?
Why does the United States want to industrialize? The average person really can't answer this question. I want to say a few words today. Unfortunately, I watched many videos about this during this period, such as Chen Ping and Zhang Weiwei from China Institute of Fudan University, and Jin Canrong, vice president of School of International Studies of Renmin University of China. The same explanation in their speeches is that the essence of the United States is controlled by interest groups, and the reason why they go to industrialization is to maximize their own interests. Industrial manufacturing needs the comprehensive investment of human and material capital, and replacing industrialization with finance only needs capital operation. In fact, the United States has indeed made a lot of money and gained huge benefits by using the capital cloud after industrialization. But the accumulation of wealth needs hard work and innovation, and the rise of our country is a good proof. People say that China is the world's processing factory, and we earn hard money, but we are really rising, earning a lot, and even growing rapidly. This forced the United States to re-examine its decision. No wonder Trump tried every means to revive American industry. De-industrialization is America's fault. I want to say a few more words. It seems that the United States' attempt to seek development by playing finance is already stretched, and we should be careful not to make the same mistake. The state should be an entity, and individuals should also work and work in a down-to-earth manner. If everyone wants to be a virtual economy, where does the real economy come from and how to create material wealth? Engels said that theory is always gray and the tree of practice is evergreen. Want to be rich, need industrial manufacturing, need social industrialization!
Why?
Toys, furniture, hardware, textiles, clothing, plastics and ceramics, machinery, paper making, these industries have low added value and even damage the environment. With the gradual prosperity of the country, they must be the first industries to be eliminated.
Textile women workers:
Bangladesh garment workers:
So in fact, from 1950, the United States gradually eliminated low-end industries, and orders were transferred to Japan under its control. After the rapid development of Japanese economy, orders were transferred to the Four Little Dragons in Asia in the 1960~ 1970' s, to Chinese mainland in the 1990' s, and now to Vietnam, Bangladesh, India and other places.
At present, the federal minimum wage in the United States should be raised to 15 USD per hour, and eight hours a day is 120. How many finished products can a garment worker make to break even, including factory buildings, equipment, materials, operating expenses and welfare?
Similarly, since the 1990s, cars, steel and even mobile phones have gradually moved out of the United States because of the pursuit of profit and sales market.
At present, the manufacturing industry in the United States is concentrated in high value-added and high-profit industries such as aerospace military industry, electronic information, biopharmaceuticals and petroleum, and traditional industries have stopped making money.
Which capitalist is willing to lose money Can the US government subsidize all manufacturing industries?
After the 1980 s, it was actually right for Americans to go to industrialization. Why do you say that?
Because Americans play finance, it has been more than 50 years since they started playing, and they have earned a lot of money.
Without studying hard, Americans can get the most talented people in the world, make money for them and train them.
Americans can buy good and cheap goods in the world with only dollars. Americans just want to spend the whole day. Their air conditioner doesn't have to be turned off until it breaks down. Their cars and gasoline are very cheap!
Americans only rely on the looseness and tightness of the dollar to stagger the earth! Free leeks are cut one after another, and Americans get rich in it, and they get rich again!
But let's be clear, the people who really eat meat are Wall Street, and the American people just have soup with them, but this soup also satisfies the American people, because even so, it is better than others!
This is the advantage of Americans playing with industrialization. The fundamental thing to maintain this benefit is that no one can surpass it, especially technology. Once someone surpasses it, its financial hegemony will collapse instantly!
It happened that in the twentieth year of the new century, countries with such signs appeared in the East. How can Americans not be afraid, because what is happening now is digging American graves!
When the enterprises of capital monopoly groups in capitalist countries develop to a certain extent, with the gradual increase of manufacturing costs and the continuous decline of competitive advantages, as well as the requirements for rectification and transformation caused by toxic and harmful substances discharged by enterprises in the production process are gradually demanding.
Therefore, these business owners will choose to enter the field of high-tech development, or enter high-yield industries such as financial stock investment.
And move those factories with low efficiency and pollution to underdeveloped third world countries. Capitalist countries represented by the United States did just that at the end of last century. They use high-tech innovation to obtain technology patents to make money. Come to bonus hunter and cut leeks from all over the world by dollar hegemony.
Relying on strong military strength to escort the implementation of dollar hegemony in the world. America thus collected the wealth of the world. This is more profitable and easier than making and selling goods. Therefore, it has become a trend of de-industrialization in the United States.
Let me give you a simple answer! When industrialization develops to a certain extent, it will pollute and destroy the ecological environment of the United States. At the beginning of last century, industrialization could bring great development and make the country rich. No matter economically or militarily, it has reached unparalleled hegemony, and only with hegemony can it have the right to speak. At this time, it doesn't want to use industrialization to increase its total GTP, and begins to use financial means to harvest the world wool with dollar hegemony and develop high technology, so it will get rid of industrialization with low added value and environmental pollution.
This question is realistic and the answer is simple for several reasons.
First, industrialization needs a lot of land resources and a lot of investment.
Second, industrialization, human labor intensity is relatively high.
Third, industrialization is likely to cause noise pollution of land, air and water.
Fourth, the benefits of industrialization are far lower than those of financial services.
Because the United States ranks first in the world in terms of scientific and technological level, economic strength, financial services and patent strength, it should get rid of industrialization in time, take advantage of the dominance of the US dollar, use the US dollar exchange rate, use the US dollar currency in world commodity transactions, use the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, and use service finance, technology patents and multinational companies to support the overall economic development, so that people can live a more relaxed life.
First of all, deindustrialization cannot be simply summarized. Industrialization is also divided into two categories: coarse industry and fine industry. In the United States, deindustrialization only removes the labor-consuming part of low-end processing and firmly controls the core industries in its own hands, so the United States is not deindustrialization, but deindustrialization, so the United States has always been an industrial power and a technological power. The same is true of the industrial upgrading we are talking about now. The economy pays attention to who has high profits and who is the boss. There is no profit in low-end processing, so the economy can't be [smart] [smart]
First of all, I want to explain a problem here, that is, the so-called "deindustrialization" in the United States does not mean moving all manufacturing industries out of the United States as many people understand, but moving low-end manufacturing industries with high energy consumption and limited added value out of the United States on a large scale. Today, this practice is short-lived, but in a specific historical environment, this practice not only "conforms" to the development trend of the times at that time, but also benefits the economic development of the United States at that time.
1. USD has an absolute advantage in the world.
When it comes to the American economy, it is impossible to avoid the hegemony of the dollar. Because the dollar has an absolute advantage in the world, the United States can maintain its position as the world's largest economy even if it loses all low-end manufacturing industries, because the dollar can not only provide amazing wealth, but also adjust foreign debts and control the prices of products from other countries. Taking advantage of the special status of the US dollar, the United States can easily reduce the prices of goods that need to be imported and raise the commodity costs of international competitors. In addition, in the process of dollar mediation, we can also obtain a lot of wealth from the "hot money market" of other countries, such as stock market and real estate, to make up for the lack of wealth creation ability of domestic low-end manufacturing industry. In this case, it is meaningless to maintain China's low-end manufacturing industry. Let them move to other countries, so as to cultivate more markets and high-quality assets worth harvesting for the United States. Especially in the production of many primary products, we can use the resources of other countries to produce goods, and then export them back to the United States at a low price (the dollar is in an absolute advantage era) to ensure domestic consumption.
Second, the United States has absolute technological advantages.
It is not difficult to find that the whole process of deindustrialization in the United States originated from the period of high-tech development in the United States. Because of the first-Mover advantage, the United States once occupied a monopoly position in many high-tech fields, especially in the field of information technology, and many countries had to pay huge patent fees to buy technology from the United States. In this case, various high-tech products can create wealth far beyond the normal state. In contrast, the technical level of low-end manufacturing industry is limited and the added value of products is low. The maximum value maintained is only to increase employment. At this time, the amazing wealth created by American high-tech products is enough to maintain the high welfare state of the whole society. As long as the welfare is sufficient, it doesn't matter even if the unemployment rate is high. Maintaining a large number of low-end manufacturing industries not only consumes a lot of resources, but also damages the "environmental protection" image of the United States. Therefore, moving out of low-end manufacturing on a large scale became an inevitable choice for American economic development at that time.
Third, the United States has the ability to "shape" the global market.
During the Obama administration, the United States insisted on implementing American carbon emission standards at the global climate summit, and eventually failed under the opposition of most countries. Once the American standard becomes a global standard, it means that most countries have to pay huge wealth to the United States and buy related carbon emission treatment technologies. In other words, the United States will "shape" an international carbon emission technology market that belongs only to the United States. By the time other countries make technological breakthroughs, the United States has already made a lot of money. In the early stage of deindustrialization, the United States has an amazing ability to shape the global market. Through many international standards or systems, it is easy to create a market with only American products or products beneficial to the United States, such as the early telecommunications products mentioned above. In this case, the low-end manufacturing market has high cost but low benefit, so it is better to focus on high-tech fields with higher added value than to spend energy.