The inventor of the telephone-antonio meucci.
It has been so many years. On page 75 of the third grade of History and Society, Science, Technology and Culture in19th Century mentioned: "American Bell invented the telephone, which fundamentally changed the way of human communication." As for the inventor of the telephone, due to the writing time, the textbook still adopts the traditional view that the invention right of the telephone belongs to Bell. However, the real inventor of the telephone is controversial in history, which involves three related figures: Bell, Gray and meucci. The information provided to the students below is not to subvert our textbooks, but to let everyone have a more comprehensive and detailed understanding of this issue through in-depth exploration.
For most people, whenever the invention of the telephone is mentioned, it will definitely be associated with Alexander Graham Bell. Bell has done a lot of research, explored the composition of voice and analyzed the vibration of voice on precision instruments. On the experimental instrument, the vibration on the diaphragm is transmitted to the glass sheet blackened with carbon, and the vibration can be "seen". Next, Bell began to think about the possibility of converting sound vibration into electronic vibration. So that sound can spread through the line. Over the years, Bell tried to invent several telegraph systems. Gradually, Bell came up with an idea to invent a machine that can transmit several messages at the same time through a single line. He envisioned several armatures to coordinate different frequencies. At the transmitting end, these armatures will cut off the current at a certain frequency and send a series of pulses at a specific frequency. At the receiving end, only the armature matching the pulse frequency can be activated. Bell accidentally discovered in the experiment that transmitting electromagnetic waves along the line can transmit sound signals. After several experiments, the sound can be transmitted stably through the line, but it is still unclear. Because of Bell's heavy teaching tasks, his research has not made progress for a long time. 1876, on the eve of Bell's 30th birthday, the idea of transmitting sound through wires was unexpectedly patented. Bell rekindled his enthusiasm for research. 1876 March 10, Bell's telephone call announced the arrival of a new era in human history.
However, Bell was not the only one who devoted himself to inventing the telephone. A man named Elisha Gray once filed a lawsuit with Bell over the telephone patent right. Gray and Bell filed the patent on the same day, but Bibel was a little late (only about 2 hours late) and finally lost the case.
In fact, regarding the invention of the telephone, we should also think of another unknown Italian, antonio meucci, who immigrated to the United States from 65438 to 0845. Meucci was obsessed with electrophysiology, and he accidentally discovered that radio waves can spread sound. From 1850 to 1862, meucci made several different forms of sound instruments, which are called "long-distance microphones". Unfortunately, meucci is too poor to protect his invention. At that time, applying for a patent required an application fee of $250, and the long-term research work had exhausted all his savings. Meucci's English level is not high, which makes him unable to know how to protect his invention. Then, fate gave meucci a greater blow. 1870, meucci was seriously ill and had to sell the telephone equipment he invented at a low price of only $6. In order to protect his invention, meucci tried to obtain a document called "Request for Protection of Invention Franchise". To this end, he needs to pay an annual fee of $65,438+00, and it needs to be updated once a year. Three years later, meucci was reduced to living on social welfare, unable to pay the handling fee, and his application was invalid.
1874, meucci sent several "long-distance microphones" to Western Union. I hope I can sell this invention to them. However, he didn't get the answer. When asked to return the original, he was told that these machines were gone! Two years later, Bell's invention came out and he signed a huge contract with Western Union Telegraph Company. Meucci filed a lawsuit and the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case. However, meucci died on 1889, and the lawsuit was dropped.
Until June 15, 2002, the US Congress passed a bill, which identified antonio meucci as the inventor of the telephone. Now there is a monument in Florence, the birthplace of meucci, which reads "Here lies the inventor of the telephone-antonio meucci".
At present, the recognized inventor of the telephone is Bell, who applied for a telephone patent in the US Patent Office on February 1876. In fact, just two hours after he applied, a man named E Gray also applied for a telephone patent.
Before the two of them, many people in Europe were already doing ideas and research in this field. As early as 1854, the telephone principle was conceived by the Frenchman Bausal, and the idea was repeated by the German rice six years later. The principle is that two thin metal sheets are connected by wires. When one side makes a sound, the metal plate vibrates and becomes electricity, and the electricity is transmitted to the other side. But this is just an idea. The problem is the structure of microphone and receiver, and how to convert the mechanical energy of sound into electrical energy and transmit it.
At first, Bell used electromagnetic switches to form on-off pulse signals, but this method obviously didn't work for such high-frequency sound waves. The final success came from an accidental discovery. 1June 2, 875, in an experiment, he connected a metal plate to an electromagnetic switch. Unexpectedly, in this state, the sound becomes a wonderful current. According to the analysis principle, the original metal sheet induces current in the connected electromagnetic switch coil due to sound vibration. Now it seems that this principle is known to all students who have studied junior high school physics, but it is undoubtedly a very important discovery for Bell at that time.
Gray's design principle is different from Bell's, which uses the resistance change of the liquid inside the microphone, while the receiver is exactly the same as Bell's. 1877, Edison obtained the invention patent of carbon particle microphone. At the same time, many people have made various improvements to the way the telephone works. The patent dispute is complicated, and it didn't come to an end until 1892. One of the reasons for this situation was that the largest Western Union telegraph company in the United States bought the patents of Gray and Edison at that time and confronted Bell's telephone company. Due to the long-term patent dispute, the two sides reached an agreement. Western Union Telegraph Company fully recognized Bell's patent right and never set foot in the telephone industry again. In exchange, it shared 20% of Bell's income in 17.
Who invented the first computer in the world? From 65438 to 0946, the world's first program-controlled electronic computer ENIAC was successfully developed at the University of Pennsylvania.
American computer magazine mentioned in 1996 that Compaq introduced a notebook computer in 1982+065438+ 10, which weighs 28 pounds (about 14 kg), and should be regarded as the earliest prototype of notebook computer. However, IBM refuses to accept this statement, insisting that a notebook computer named PC Convertible developed in 1985 is the real "originator" of notebook computers.
Americans quarrel endlessly, and the Japanese on the other side of the ocean are not happy. Because they think that the first real notebook computer in the world is Toshiba T 1000, which was introduced in 1985. It uses Intel 8086 CPU, 5 12KB RAM, 9-inch monochrome display, no hard disk and can run MS-DOS operating system.
In fact, the key to the dispute over who made the first notebook computer lies in the different understanding of the predecessor of notebook computer between Japanese and Americans. In the early 1980s, after IBM developed personal computers, people dreamed of developing a portable computer product. 1983, the concept of "notebook computer" was first put forward by National Electronic Magazine and later evolved into "notebook computer". At that time, companies including Apple, IBM and Compaq all launched this product. In the eyes of Americans, it is the development of "notebook computer" that gives birth to notebook computer.
At the same time, in Japan, Toshiba, Panasonic and Sony are keen to develop a product called "Mobile PC", which is based on IBM PS/2 system and uses external power supply. Strictly speaking, the "mobile PC" developed by the Japanese at that time was closer to today's notebook computers. In particular, Japanese manufacturers emphasize portability in the process of developing "mobile PC", which is in stark contrast to the "notebook computer" designed by Americans. More importantly, it was after the launch of Toshiba T 1000 that various new technologies and products related to notebook computers appeared one after another, and the market began to develop rapidly.
In 200 1 year, the Journal of American Computer Association wrote in a report commemorating the 20th anniversary of the birth of PC, "1985, Toshiba introduced T 1000, which brought the concept of' notebook computer' to people for the first time."
The birth of the first computer? During the Second World War, in order to solve the calculation problem of a large number of military data, the US military set up a research group led by Moakley and eckert of the University of Pennsylvania and began to develop the world's first electronic computer. ?
After three years of intense work, the first electronic computer was finally built in 1946 2? It came out in June 14. It consists of 17468 electron tubes, 60000 resistors, 10000 capacitors and 6000 switches. It weighs 30 tons, covers an area of160m2, and consumes electricity174km. Watt, the cost is 450 thousand dollars. This computer can only run 5000 addition operations per second, which is only equivalent to an electronic digital integrated computer (ENIAC).
Who invented the first electronic computer in the world? The inventors of electronic computers mentioned in textbooks in China, most academic works and scientific popularization works are not real inventors. The real inventor was John Atanasoff, an American professor.
According to most books, john von neumann (1903- 1957), an American Hungarian scientist, is the inventor of the electronic computer, and he has always been called "the father of the electronic computer". However, von Neumann himself does not consider himself "the father of electronic computers". Frankl, an American physicist who worked as von Neumann's assistant in Los Alamos Laboratory, wrote in his letter: "Many people recommend von Neumann as the' father of computers', but I am sure that he himself will never contribute to this mistake. Maybe he can be properly called a midwife. But he once told me, and I believe he also told others that the basic concept of computer belongs to Turing if the related concepts put forward earlier by Babbage and Ada are not considered. In my opinion, the basic function of von Neumann is to let the world know the basic concepts introduced by Turing. " It was von Neumann who personally put the title of "Father of Computers" on the head of British scientist alan turing (19 12- 1954). However, the real "father of computers" is neither von Neumann nor alan turing.
Me.
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Who invented the first ipod in the world? Apple admitted that the real inventor of the world-famous multimedia player iPod was British Kane Kramer, who dropped out of school at the age of 15. Kramer, 52, is too poor to buy his own house. Now his family can only live in a serviced apartment.
Invented the prototype of iPod 29 years ago.
According to the British "Daily Mail" reported on September 7, Apple made this news public because of a company called Burst. Sue Apple for infringing its iPod patent and demand compensation of 89 billion pounds. Apple brought the real father of the iPod, Kramer, to the California headquarters to testify, and finally the two sides reached an out-of-court settlement.
Kramer is from Hertfordshire, England. 1979, 23-year-old Kramer invented the technology of driving digital music players. He named his invention IXI. Although the technology at that time could only store music lasting 3.5 minutes in the chip, Kramer believed that there would be more improvements over time.
Poor and can't afford an iPod.
Kramer's design at that time was very similar to the existing iPod, but he didn't get a penny for his invention. As a father of three children, he even had to sell his house and move to a serviced apartment last year.
This is because in 1988, Kramer was unable to raise 60,000 pounds needed to renew the patent right, thus making the design public property.
However, Kramer said that he was happy when he was "invited out of the mountain" by Apple. "I am very excited that what I invented can bring such great changes to the global music industry." Unfortunately for Kramer, he can't even afford i-Pod. "Apple sent me one and it broke down after 8 months."
Who invented the first DV in the world? In July, Sony released the first DV camera DCR-VX 1000.
Who invented the first TV set in the world? 1On June 2nd, 925, John Logie Baird, a scot, scanned the image of a puppet in an experiment in London. People usually regarded him as the symbol of the birth of television, and he was called the "father of television". However, this view is controversial. Because, also in that year, American vladimir zworykin showed his TV system to his boss in Westinghouse. Although the time is the same, the TV systems in John Logie Baird and vladimir zworykin are quite different. Historically, John Logie Baird's television system was called mechanical television, while Sforokin's system was called electronic television. This difference is mainly due to the different transmission and reception principles. The development of television is complicated. Almost at the same time, many people are doing the same research. American RCA 1939 introduced the world's first black-and-white TV set, 1953 formulated the national color TV standard, and 1954 introduced RCA color TV set.