5. 1 We are all citizens.
1, what is citizen P5 of China?
Citizen-refers to a person who has the nationality of a country and enjoys rights and obligations according to the laws of that country.
The Constitution of China stipulates: "Anyone with China nationality is a citizen of the people of China." .
Comparing the connotations of citizens and people;
Citizen is a legal concept, as opposed to foreigners.
The people is a political concept, and the opposite concept is the enemy.
Scope:
The scope of citizens is wider than the people, including not only the people, but also the enemies of the people, referring to all members of society.
All people are citizens, and citizens are not necessarily people.
2. What is the connotation of P5 citizenship?
1) As a citizen, he enjoys the rights and obligations stipulated by the national constitution and laws (the most important feature).
2) As citizens, enjoy equal rights.
3, P6 how to establish their own civic awareness
As the people of China and citizens of China, the future of our country needs us to build. Therefore, it is very important to establish our own civic awareness and improve the quality of citizens.
First, we must establish a national concept.
Second, we should cultivate good civic morality and democratic consciousness.
Third, we should enhance legal awareness and abide by national laws.
Good civic morality includes: good and orderly social morality, honest and tolerant moral quality, moral fashion of negotiation and humility, and moral tolerance of respecting differences.
The real wealth of a country is all its citizens. -Aldington, England
The specific contents of the "five small" action are: to be a "little helper" at home; Be a "small model" of society; Be a "small partner" at school; Be a "little guardian" in communities and public places; Be a "little master" at any time.
5.2 Rights and obligations of citizens
1. Who stipulates the rights and obligations of citizens (in the form of constitution and law) and who stipulates the basic rights and obligations of citizens (Constitution) P 14.
2. What are the basic rights and obligations of citizens? P 14。
Citizens have five basic rights:
(1) Citizens have equal rights. All citizens are equal before the law.
(2) Political rights and freedoms of citizens.
Such as the right to vote and stand for election; Freedom of speech, publication, assembly, association, procession and demonstration.
(3) Citizens' right to personal freedom.
For example, citizens' personal freedom, personal dignity and the right to inviolability of their homes.
(4) Citizens' right to social life.
Such as the right to freedom of religious belief; Educational, scientific and cultural rights and freedoms; Rights of women and children, etc.
(5) Social and economic rights of citizens.
Right to work; Workers' right to rest and retirees' right to life security; Property and inheritance rights, etc.
The basic obligations of citizens have the following three categories:
(1) Citizens' obligations to the country.
Such as safeguarding national unity and national unity, safeguarding national security, honor and interests, performing military service according to law, paying taxes according to law, etc.
(2) Citizens' obligations to society.
For example, observing social order, observing social morality and caring for public property.
(3) Citizens' obligations to their families.
For example, both husband and wife practice family planning, parents raise and educate minor children, and adult children have the obligation to support their parents.
Receiving education, working, raising and educating children and fighting crime are both citizens' rights and obligations.
On rest days, tourists enjoy flowers in the park-workers' right to rest.
2 How to understand the unity of China citizens' rights and obligations P 15
First, the rights and obligations of citizens are interdependent and inseparable. (Equivalence)
(1) exists in the legal relationship of rights and obligations.
(2) If you have rights, you have obligations, and if you have obligations, you have rights.
(3) Every citizen is both the holder of rights and the undertaker of obligations.
(4) You can't just enjoy the rights without fulfilling the obligations, nor can you just assume the obligations without enjoying the rights.
Second, the rights and obligations of citizens complement each other and promote each other.
Third, some rights and obligations of citizens are combined with each other.
For example, labor and education are the rights and obligations of citizens.
L rights protection mainly includes three aspects: enjoying rights according to law, exercising rights according to law and respecting the rights of others.
L enjoy rights according to law p15-means that citizens should protect their rights according to law, stop all kinds of infringements according to law, and make their rights inviolable.
Exercising rights according to law P15-refers to that citizens must take legal measures when exercising their rights, and shall not harm the interests of the state, society or the collective, or the legitimate rights and freedoms of other citizens.
Respect the rights of others p15-it requires every citizen to respect and safeguard the rights of others when exercising and safeguarding their own rights, because the rights of others have the same status as our personal rights.
5, how to consciously fulfill their obligations P 15
Consciously fulfilling obligations should be: 1) actively encouraged by law; 2) What is required by law must be done; 3) Never do anything prohibited by law.
5.3 The Constitution guarantees the rights of citizens.
L Status of the Constitution: The Constitution is the fundamental law of the country and occupies a primary position in China's legal system.
Constitution is the parent law, and other laws and regulations (such as criminal law, civil law, legislative law, etc. ) are all sub-methods.
1, why is the Constitution the fundamental law of the country P2 1?
(1), the Constitution stipulates the fundamental issues of national life.
(2) The Constitution has the highest legal effect.
(3) The procedure of making and amending the Constitution is stricter than that of general laws. Constitutional amendments are proposed by the NPC Standing Committee or more than one-fifth of the deputies to the National People's Congress, and adopted by the National People's Congress with a majority of more than two-thirds of all the deputies. The National People's Congress passed other laws and other bills by a majority of all the deputies.
How to understand that the Constitution has the highest legal effect?
First, the formulation of ordinary laws and regulations must be based on the Constitution.
Second, ordinary laws cannot violate and contradict the Constitution, otherwise they will be regarded as unconstitutional and declared invalid.
U In China, the people's congresses exercise legislative power, the people's governments exercise administrative power, the people's courts exercise judicial power independently, and the people's procuratorates exercise procuratorial power independently.
U Constitution is the guarantee of citizens' rights: it not only stipulates the basic rights of citizens, but also stipulates the tasks of state organs to protect citizens' rights, so that citizens' rights are effectively guaranteed.
N National rights come from the people and are given by citizens through the enjoyment of rights. Any right that is not endowed by the political rights of citizens is not a legal right. On the other hand, state organs must use their rights to protect and safeguard citizens' rights.
China has established a civil rights protection system with the Constitution as the core.
Legislative guarantee: the legislature formulates and improves various laws and regulations, so that citizens can have laws to follow when protecting their rights and interests.
Judicial guarantee: improve the lawyer system, judge system and legal aid system.
2. As citizens, how to establish constitutional consciousness and safeguard the constitutional authority P22?
First of all, we must seriously study the Constitution and consciously abide by it.
Secondly, we should actively exercise citizens' right of supervision.
In short, we should consciously exercise supervision over public rights, actively participate in national political life, and care about state management affairs.
Unit 6 Our Individual Rights
6. 1 Defending individual rights
U Citizen's right to personal freedom P30-refers to the right of citizens to enjoy personal freedom and control, and not to be arrested, detained, searched or violated without legal procedures.
Citizen's right to personal freedom (identity right) is the most basic right of citizens and the premise for citizens to enjoy all other rights.
Citizens' right to life and health consists of two parts: the right to life and the right to health.
Citizens' right to life and health is the premise for citizens to exercise other rights and the highest personal right of everyone.
China's laws that specifically protect citizens' personal freedom mainly include:
Constitution, Criminal Law, General Principles of Civil Law, Public Security Administration Punishment Law and other laws.
The law prohibits illegal search of citizens' bodies or houses.
(1) According to the laws of China, it is forbidden to search citizens' bodies or houses illegally.
(2) When investigating a case, public security and judicial personnel must conduct a search in strict accordance with legal procedures.
The law protects citizens from illegal arrest and detention.
(1) According to the Constitution of our country, no citizen can be arrested without the approval or decision of the people's procuratorate or the people's court.
(two) the public security organs must strictly enforce the law on citizens who are suspected of committing crimes and other illegal acts and need to be detained.
U Legal search: 1) Search scope: the body, articles, residence and other relevant places of criminal suspects and people who may hide criminals or criminal evidence.
2) Search purpose: to collect criminal evidence and capture criminal suspects.
3) Nature of search: compulsory investigation.
4) Person who performs the search: law enforcement agency.
5) The search warrant shall be presented to the searched person in legal procedures.
3, how to consciously safeguard their personal freedom and right to life and health P3 1
In order to better safeguard personal freedom and the right to life and health, we should seriously study and master relevant laws, enhance our awareness of prevention and protection, and know how to use laws to protect ourselves.
Once you are hurt, you should know how to investigate the legal responsibility of the other party according to law, so as to get justice and compensation.
We have the right to personal freedom and life and health, and accordingly we have the obligation not to harm others' personal freedom and life and health.
6.2 Maintain personal dignity
1, which rights does the right to personal dignity include P37?
The right to personal dignity includes: the right to portrait, the right to name, the right to reputation, the right to honor and the right to privacy.
According to the law of our country, citizens have the right to portrait, and they are not allowed to use their portraits for profit without their consent.
U Infringement of portrait rights is mainly manifested in two aspects: (1) The use of a citizen's portrait for profit depends on whether the person's consent is obtained or not; (2) Malicious use of citizen portraits, although not for profit, such as uglification, deliberate destruction of citizen portraits, personal attacks on citizen portraits, etc.
Note: In real life, criminal investigation photography, news photography and on-the-spot photography, which reflect the immoral and illegal behavior of society, cannot be regarded as infringement of citizens' portrait rights from the legal point of view. For example, the incident that a classmate was photographed crossing a road guardrail cannot be regarded as an infringement of his portrait right.
Reputation right-that is, a person's reputation right, is the evaluation of a citizen's morality, reputation and credibility by members of society. According to the Constitution of our country, citizens have the right of reputation, and it is forbidden to damage their reputation by insulting or slandering.
Honor right-a good name or title (an organizational behavior) granted to citizens by the state, society and organizations, such as "three good students" and "model workers".
According to the laws of China, citizens have the right to honor, and it is forbidden to illegally deprive citizens of honorary titles, honorary certificates and medals.
Name right-this is a title or code that is different from other citizens. Generally, it also includes citizens' previous names, aliases, pen names, etc. According to Chinese laws, citizens have the right to name, have the right to decide, use and change their names according to regulations, and are prohibited from interference, theft and counterfeiting.
2. Why is the personal dignity of minors specially protected by law P38?
Because minors are in a critical period of physical and mental development, if their personal dignity is violated, their mental health will be greatly damaged.
3. How to maintain the personal dignity of yourself and others P39
When personal dignity is violated, we should not give up our due rights because we are young and afraid of retaliation. We should learn to use legal means to safeguard our personal dignity. Similarly, we should also consciously respect the personal dignity of others. Respecting the personal dignity of others is the quality that a civilized person should have.
6.3 Protection of personal privacy
1, what is personal privacy P44?
Personal privacy: refers to citizens' right to conceal personal affairs that do not endanger society, and not to make them public without their permission.
2. Why should we respect the privacy of others P44?
Respecting other people's privacy is a moral quality that citizens should have, and it is also a public life criterion that citizens must follow.
Personal privacy is an important symbol to measure a country's personal status and dignity.
3. How to respect your right to privacy?
1) Don't spread some of your private secrets around.
2) Learn to use the law to stop violations of personal privacy and protect your personal privacy according to law.
4. How to respect the privacy of others?
Respecting others' privacy includes: 1) not reading others' letters or diaries without permission; 2) Don't break into other people's houses without permission; 3) Don't publish and spread others' privacy without permission.
5. Is privacy protection equal to self-isolation?
No, protecting privacy does not mean isolating yourself.
In order to grow up healthily, we should learn to share happiness and pain with trustworthy people. When we are confused, we should communicate with teachers, parents or close friends in time to get the experience and support we need for growth.
Unit 7 Our Cultural and Economic Rights
7. 1 Guarantee the right to education
1, the so-called right to education-means that citizens have the opportunity to receive national cultural education and the right to get material help from education.
The right to education includes two basic elements: first, all citizens have the right to go to school and receive education;
Second, the state provides educational facilities, trains teachers and creates necessary opportunities and material conditions for citizens to receive education.
2. Why is education our right and our obligation? P5 1
1) From our personal point of view, only education can improve our scientific and cultural quality and constantly enrich and develop ourselves. Education makes it more likely for us to get good employment opportunities. Therefore, from the perspective of citizens' own development, education is the right that China citizens should enjoy.
2) From the national point of view, improving citizens' cultural and scientific quality is the key to realize modernization and promote democratization, which requires that every citizen has the responsibility to improve his ideological level, moral level and cultural level by receiving education, master contemporary advanced science and technology, and strive to make more contributions to the progress of the country and society. Therefore, judging from the requirements of national development for citizens, receiving education is a basic obligation of citizens to the country.
3. What is compulsory education and what are its two stages? * * Year P5 1
Compulsory education is a national education that school-age children and adolescents must receive according to law and must be guaranteed by the state, society, schools and families. Compulsory education in China includes two stages: primary education (primary school) and junior high school education (junior high school). The time span is nine years, so it is also called "nine-year compulsory education".
4. What are the characteristics of P52 compulsory education?
Compulsory education has three characteristics:
1) free; 2) universality; 3) mandatory.
5. How do we cherish the opportunity of education P52
1) We should learn to safeguard our right to education;
2) Cherish the opportunity of learning and consciously fulfill the obligation of education.
① Consciously accept the prescribed nine-year compulsory education and never drop out of school;
Consciously abide by discipline, respect teachers, study hard, make continuous progress in study, and be a good student with all-round development in morality, intelligence, physique and beauty.
7.2, safeguard property rights
1, what is the private property of citizens?
Private property of citizens-refers to the wealth obtained by citizens through labor and legal operation in social production and life, including private income, savings, houses and other legal property.
2, what is the property ownership of citizens P60?
Property ownership refers to the right of property owners to possess, use, benefit and dispose of their property according to law.
The right of disposition refers to the right of citizens to dispose of their property within the scope permitted by law.
3. There are two main ways to protect property ownership in China's laws:
Protecting the ownership of citizens' legitimate property through civil legal means is the most common practice.
When citizens' legitimate property is infringed, they have the right to bring a lawsuit to the people's court, requesting confirmation of ownership, restitution, elimination of harm, compensation for losses and other means to protect it.
Protecting the ownership of citizens' legitimate property through criminal legal means is the most severe and effective protection method.
4. What are the two ways to inherit property? What is the meaning of legal succession? What is the succession order and principle of legal succession? How will inherit P6 1?
1) China citizens' property inheritance rights are mainly realized through legal inheritance and testamentary inheritance.
2) Legal inheritance-inheritance in accordance with the scope and procedures prescribed by law.
3) The first order of legal succession: spouses, children, parents, widowed daughter-in-law and widowed son-in-law who have fulfilled their main support obligations.
The second order: brothers and sisters, grandparents, grandparents.
After the inheritance begins, the successor in the first order inherits, and the successor in the second order does not inherit. If there is no successor in the first order, the successor in the second order will inherit it.
4) The principle of legal inheritance and distribution.
(1) principle of universal equality (principle of average). In general, the share of heirs should be equal;
(2) the principle of care: the heirs who have difficulties in life and lack the ability to work should be taken care of when distributing the inheritance;
(3) The principle of consistency of rights and obligations: the heirs who have made major support obligations to the decedent or lived together with the decedent can get more points when distributing the inheritance; Heirs who have the ability and conditions to support, if they fail to fulfill their support obligations, will not be given extra points or less points;
(4) the principle of consultation. It means that the legal heirs should handle the inheritance through consultation in the spirit of mutual understanding, mutual accommodation and harmonious coexistence.
5. Testamentary succession
1) testamentary succession-refers to that the decedent can make a will before his death and designate all or part of his legal property to be inherited by one or more legal heirs.
Legacy:-Citizens give personal property to people other than the state, collective or legal heirs.
2) In China's inheritance law, testamentary succession must meet the following statutory conditions.
First, the testator must have the ability to make a will, and it is the expression of the testator's true will. At the same time, the will must be legal and valid. Any form of will must retain the property of legal heirs, minor children and people with no ability to work.
Second: the testamentary successor must be one or more legal heirs, but it is not limited by the order of inheritance.
Related concepts: decedent-refers to the deceased who left property.
Heir-refers to the person who inherits the deceased's estate according to law.
Legacy-Personal legal property left by the deceased when he dies. Legacy does not include family property or marital property.
The heir's right to obtain the decedent's estate according to law.
Statutory inheritance and testamentary inheritance: ★ Inheritance mode
Directly obtain the valid will of the decedent according to law.
★ Inheritance order
Restricted by inheritance order and not restricted by inheritance order
★ Distribution principle
Under normal circumstances, regardless of the number of heirs in the same order, the inheritance will be divided equally.
The testator may designate one or more legal heirs to inherit, except other heirs.
The decedent's capacity for action
Regardless of whether the decedent is competent or not, his inheritance can be inherited.
The deceased must be able to make a will.
5. What is the right to intellectual achievements, including which rights P6 1.
Refers to the civil rights that citizens or legal persons enjoy according to law on the fruits of intellectual activities created by themselves. The rights of intellectual achievements include copyright, patent right and trademark right.
7.3 Maintain the right to consumption
1, what is the basic law for protecting consumers' rights and interests called P66?
Law of the People's Republic of China on Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests
2. What rights do consumer rights in China include?
Right to safety-consumers have the right to protect their personal and property safety when purchasing and using goods and services. Safety right is the most important and basic right of consumers.
Right to know-consumers have the right to know the real situation of the goods they buy and use or the services they receive.
Independent choice-consumers have the right to choose operators who provide goods and services; Have the right to choose product varieties or service methods independently; Have the right to decide whether to buy any goods, accept or not accept any services.
Fair trading right-consumers have the right to obtain fair trading conditions such as quality assurance, reasonable price and correct measurement, and have the right to refuse the compulsory trading behavior of operators.
Right to claim compensation according to law-Consumers who suffer personal or property damage when purchasing or using commodities or receiving services have the right to receive compensation according to law.
The right to maintain dignity-consumers have the right to enjoy personal dignity and respect national customs and habits when purchasing or using goods or receiving services.
3. What are the ways to protect consumers' rights and interests?
1) negotiate with the operator.
2) Request the consumer association for mediation.
3) appeal to the relevant administrative departments
4) It can be submitted to an arbitration institution for arbitration according to the agreement reached with the operator.
5) If the infringement is serious and the circumstances are serious, legal proceedings may be brought to the judicial department.
Unit 8 Responsible for the society
8. 1 Social cooperation and equity
1, after watching Buffalo Flee and Cooperative Ant, answer: Why can't bison resist the lion's attack? What inspiration did ants take to escape from the fire?
Reference: Because bison don't unite and cooperate, they look on coldly, and when they see their companions in distress, they only look at the fire from the other side. But the ants huddled together and escaped from the fire with the strength of collective cooperation and unity. Enlightenment: Social life needs cooperation, so we should establish a sense of cooperation and learn to cooperate.
2. Why does social life need cooperation?
Social cooperation is a necessary condition for the smooth progress of social life. The goods and services we need in life need social cooperation. With the development of society, the scope of social cooperation is expanding, the forms of social cooperation are becoming more and more diversified, and the contents of social cooperation are becoming more and more complicated. This requires management institutions that are in line with the interests of all members of society and formulate reasonable systems to ensure the smooth progress of social cooperation. In short, modern society is a cooperative society, and people need sincere and extensive cooperation.
3. Why does social cooperation need fairness?
In order to better guarantee the interests of the greatest number of people and maintain social stability, it is necessary to establish and follow the principle of fairness in social cooperation.
4. How to be fair in social cooperation?
(1) It is fair to handle things reasonably without favoritism.
(2) Good cooperation must be fair and mutually beneficial, and everyone can get due benefits in fair cooperation;
(3) Fairness is not equal to absolute average; People who enjoy more social welfare should bear more social burdens;
(4) In order to maintain fairness, we also need to support social vulnerable classes and groups.
5. Why should we establish a sense of fair cooperation?
(1) is conducive to personal promotion and development; Conducive to social prosperity and stability;
(2) It concerns the interests and happiness of every member of society.
6. How do we establish a fair sense of cooperation (textbook P76)
(1) Keep the concept of fair cooperation, get along with others, deal with the problems faced, and assume your own responsibilities;
(2) At home and between classmates at school
(3) In our daily study, life and work, we have the right to be treated fairly, and we should treat others fairly.
(4) We should also pay attention to, think about and criticize the unfair phenomena in society.
8.2 Social Rules and Justice
1, where is the justice of system P82?
The justice of the system lies in that it protects the interests of all members of society, and its procedures and rules are oriented to every member of society.
2. Briefly describe the differences between morality, law and system. P83
Laws are enforced by the coercive power of the state, and other institutional rules are enforced by rewards and punishments of industries or units, while morality is based on the evaluation of good and evil, and works through public opinion, traditional habits and people's inner beliefs.
★ Morality enables us to judge what is good and what is evil; What to do and what not to do. Good behavior, what should be done, is beneficial to society, others and individuals, and is fair and just; It is unfair that ugly and habitual behaviors that should not be done harm the dignity and interests of society and others, and ultimately their own dignity and interests.
According to general moral standards, it is unfair to treat others unfairly and infringe on their rights and behaviors.
It is unjust to wage war against other countries without justifiable reasons; It is unfair to oppress and maim innocent people; It is unfair to discriminate and exclude others; It is unfair to hurt the freedom and dignity of others.
3. How to be a person with a sense of justice P83
1). Justice requires us to respect people's basic rights, which are commonly called human rights.
Deliberately hurting others' lives and bodies is the most serious injustice. Safeguarding the rights of oneself and others is the requirement of justice.
2) Justice requires us to respect the rules. The concrete manifestations of a sense of justice are: observing public order, observing discipline, caring for public property and public environment, and respecting social morality. ...
3) Justice requires us to respect freedom.
4) Justice requires us to take responsibility.
8.3 Social Identity and Social Responsibility
1, do people have multiple identities in society? What P90s are there?
People have multiple identities in society, at home-parents' children; Students at school; In a community or village-residents or villagers. In modern society, a person is a citizen first, which is his basic social identity.
2. Will people's social identity change? Why P90?
Yes This is because the social environment he lived in or the social life he participated in has changed.
3. What are the different responsibilities of family, school and society P90?
In the family, parents raise us to grow up, and we have the responsibility to support our parents when we grow up;
At school, we have the responsibility to be good students and study hard;
After we go to work, we have the responsibility to work hard and complete the task;
In society, we have the civic responsibility to abide by the law.
4. What does moral responsibility mean? P9 1
When we make some promises in the face of other people's demands or expectations, we assume the responsibility of keeping our promises. Some of the strongest responsibilities come from people's moral conscience. If we see others in danger, we will try to save them without thinking. If we see injustice, we can stand up.
5. What is the price of responsibility? P9 1
1) Studying and working need our time and energy.
2) Being responsible also requires us to bear some mental costs.
3) Being responsible also requires us to give up some personal interests and interests.
8.4 Take on our social responsibilities
1, what are the benefits and significance of being responsible?
1) Responsibility can build a better society.
A sense of responsibility can improve our study, work and living environment;
Responsibility can cast our noble national spirit.
2) Responsibility can promote individual freedom and progress.
(1) Responsibility can make people gain more trust and freedom;
(2) Responsibility makes people win self-esteem;
(3) Responsibility makes people grow their talents;
Responsibility makes people get practical benefits.
2. What are the serious consequences of irresponsibility P99?
Irresponsibility causes losses to society and others.
Irresponsibility damages personal interests.
Irresponsibility leads to personal reputation damage.
3. Why is the responsibility conflict P 100?
Because each of us has multiple social identities, and each identity bears specific responsibilities, in real life, due to the limitations of time, energy and various conditions, the facts of some responsibilities may conflict.
4, in the face of responsibility conflict, how to choose the right responsibility P 100.
When we choose our responsibilities, some factors can be considered-
(1) time. (2) Relative importance. (3) Possibility. (4) Innovative solutions and methods.
In real life, taking responsibility often requires courage and morality.
5. What's the point of learning to be a responsible citizen? P 100
It is very important for our family life, social life, motherland construction and human destiny to cultivate our sense of responsibility, exercise our ability of responsibility and learn to be responsible citizens.