The so-called industrial revolution, in short, is a process in which manual labor is replaced by machine production and family workshops and handicraft workshops are replaced by factory system. The industrial revolution not only made social productive forces advance by leaps and bounds, but also effectively promoted social change.
British industrial revolution
The British industrial revolution generally refers to the first industrial revolution in Britain. The British industrial revolution began in the 1960s of 18, with the technical innovation of cotton textile industry as the beginning and the improvement and wide use of Watt steam engine as the hub. The establishment of machine building industry marks the end of British industrial revolution.
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1764, carpenter Hargreaves invented the multi-spindle spinning machine and named it Jenny spinning machine after his daughter. Jenny's machine can spin eight yarns at first. Later, after improvement, 80 or more yarns can be spun at a time, which greatly improves the efficiency. 1769, Akelet made a hydraulic spinning machine driven by a hydraulic turbine. The yarn spun by this machine is strong and tough, which overcomes the shortcomings of Jenny's machine.
177 1 year, Ackerett cooperated with others to establish the first hydraulic spinning mill in Britain in Cronford, Derbyshire. Later, they successively invested in opening new factories. * * owned six factories before 1792. People learned the beneficial experience of successfully setting up a factory from Akelet. 1at the end of the 8th century1at the beginning of the 9th century, spinning mills mushroomed in northwest England. The birth of the factory system blew the horn of the industrial age, and a brand-new production organization form and model was born. Akelet was praised as the father of factory control system by later generations.
After Akelet, the technological innovation of textile industry continued to deepen. 1779, spinning worker Crampe Dunn invented the spinning machine. 1785, pastor Cartwright made a hydraulic loom. At the same time, a series of processes such as cleaning, carding, bleaching, dyeing and finishing in cotton textile industry have also adopted new technologies, and textile departments such as wool, hemp and silk have gradually embarked on the road of mechanization.
Another great achievement of the British industrial revolution was the widespread use of steam engines. The activity of using steam power as mechanical power began very early. 1698 and 1705, the British Zavelli and newcomen invented the steam pump successively, but the task of converting steam power into mechanical power for large-scale industry was completed by james watt.
There are many legends about Watt's invention of the steam engine. Some people say that Watt was greatly inspired when he saw the kettle boil and the lid was lifted by steam, thus inventing the steam engine. Actually, things are not that simple. On the basis of absorbing the previous research results, Watt achieved success through continuous improvement. After Watt obtained the patent of steam engine in 1769, he continued his experiments and made a double-acting steam engine in 1782. This kind of machine can drive all kinds of machines to rotate through transmission devices, and later it became a widely used machine power. Watt's invention initiated the general development and final victory of mechanized large-scale industry in the steam power era, and also depended on the technological innovation of metallurgical industry.
The influence of industrial revolution on Britain
1, causing great changes in the social structure, making society increasingly divided into two opposing classes-the industrial bourgeoisie and the proletariat;
2. Liberalism has replaced mercantilism;
3. It marks the initial formation of the world market;
4. Promote the rise of modern cities, accelerate the process of urbanization, increase the population rapidly, and change people's lifestyles and concepts.