The conditions of the industrial revolution
Britain is the first country with the conditions of industrial revolution. 17th century and18th century, British workshop handicraft industry rose rapidly in cotton textile, mining, metallurgy, salt making, glass and other industries. At the same time, the internal division of labor in the workshop handicraft industry has developed and the production technology has been continuously improved. The increasingly specialized labor tools have prepared material and technical conditions for the transition to large-scale machine production. The victory of the British bourgeois revolution provided favorable political conditions for the capitalist industrial revolution.
18 In 1930s, Viscount C. Townsend (1674 ~ 1738) introduced clover and turnip into the field, and changed the three-wheel system into four-wheel system, thus starting the agricultural revolution. Agronomist R. Bakewell (1725 ~1795) bred "New Leicester Sheep", which initiated the improvement of domestic animals. After 1760, more than 4,000 enclosure laws were implemented, occupying 9 million mu of land, completely bringing agriculture into the capitalist track.
/kloc-in the middle of the 0/8th century, the expansion of the domestic market, colonial market and foreign market in Britain made the cotton textile industry develop greatly. Land and water transportation has been greatly improved, which facilitates the transportation of industrial and agricultural products and raw materials, promotes commercial prosperity and accumulates funds for industry.
The process of industrial revolution
18 in the 1960s, the British industrial revolution began with the cotton textile industry. 1733, j Kay (1704 ~ 1764) invented the flying shuttle, which doubled the weaving efficiency. 1767 J. Hargreaves (? ~ 1778) invented Jenny's spinning machine and obtained a patent in 1770. 1769, R. Arkwright (1732 ~1792) invented the hydraulic spinning machine, and founded the first cotton mill in Clonford in 177 1. Crompton (1753 ~1827) invented the mule machine in 1779. 1769, j watt (1736 ~ 18 19) invented the steam engine, which made epoch-making technological achievements and caused an industrial revolution. 1776 made a single-acting steam engine. 1782, a double-acting steam engine was manufactured. 1785, cotton mills began to use steam engines as power. 1789, the steam engine began to be used in cotton textile industry. After the industrial revolution, the steam engine gradually expanded to chemical industry, metallurgy, mining, machine building, transportation and other departments.
The chemical industry has developed rapidly. The invention of sulfuric acid, bleaching agent, hydrochloric acid and soda meets the needs of textile, glass and soap industries. 65438+In the 1920s, J. Muspratt and others set up a factory in Liverpool to produce soda. M Faraday (179 1 ~ 1867) invented a new method for manufacturing carbon chloride, which laid the foundation for chemical industry in Lancashire and Cheshire. The era after the war against France was the golden age of British chemical industry.
Driven by the industrial revolution, the coal mining industry has developed rapidly. Steam pumps are widely used in mines. 1790, the coal output reached 7.6 million tons. 1820, instead of manual transportation, coal production increased faster, and Britain became the largest coal producer in Europe.
After 1786, the manufacture of steam engine brought the prosperity of iron smelting industry; The demand for weapons in the French war expanded the iron smelting industry. After the war, the industrial revolution began to enter a stage dominated by iron smelting and machine building. 1824, the parliament lifted the export ban on some machines, which further stimulated the production of machines. 1828, J.B. Nelson (1792 ~ 1865) invented a new method of blowing hot air into the iron melting furnace with a blast furnace, thus completing the reform of iron smelting technology. In terms of machine building, calipers and lathes were invented in the 1920s. 1838 J. nasmyth invented the steam hammer. By the 1940s, machine tools had been manufactured and the main components had been standardized.
At this time, the machine industry has replaced the cottage industry and the workshop industry. 1835, there were 237,000 workers in the British cotton textile industry. There are 65,438+0,300 wool mills and 76,5438+0,000 workers.
The growth of production and the expansion of the domestic market put forward new requirements for the transportation sector. The invention of the train fundamentally solved the problem of land transportation. Stockton-Darlington Railway 1825 opened to traffic; Liverpool and Manchester are connected by railway. By the 1950s, the major railway lines in Britain had been completed. /kloc-in the first half of the 0/9th century, although sailing was still in its heyday in ocean navigation, the use of steam engines on ships had made achievements. There is a ferry between Dover and Calais 18 18. 1838, steamships AS and Atlantic successfully crossed the Atlantic.
Socio-economic consequences of the industrial revolution
The British industrial revolution was basically completed in11940s. The industrial revolution brought profound social changes to Britain: ① During the industrial revolution, Britain developed from an agricultural country to an industrial country, laying the foundation for Britain to become a world factory; But the periodic economic crisis began after 1825. (2) There are two opposing classes, the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. In the Charter Movement, the proletariat has reached the level of consciously opposing the bourgeoisie. (3) The population moves from the southeast to the north, and the Birmingham-Liverpool-Hull Triangle has become the most densely populated area, and all major cities in England are in this area except London. (4) the industry is further concentrated, and there is a division of labor in the concentrated areas. For example, the wool textile industry is not only concentrated in the west of Yorkshire, but also in Bradford, Huddersfield, Leeds and Dusbury.