China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) is expected to be realized within this year. Joining the World Trade Organization is both an opportunity and a challenge for China's agricultural development. After China's entry into the WTO, it can enjoy tariff concessions and most-favored-nation trade treatment, and effectively use international agricultural resources and markets, which is conducive to increasing agricultural exports and opening up the domestic market. However, after China's entry into WTO, the influx of foreign agricultural products will inevitably impact the domestic market. We need to seriously adjust the industrial structure, improve the efficiency of resource allocation, reduce production costs, improve product quality and enhance the competitiveness of China's agricultural products at home and abroad to meet this challenge. Plant protection is an important part of the whole agricultural production system. The impact of China's accession to the WTO on plant protection should be viewed from the following three aspects:
First of all, after China's accession to the WTO, the requirements for pesticide residues in exported agricultural products are more stringent, which will affect the prevention and control strategies of diseases, pests and diseases and the use of pesticides.
An important goal of joining the WTO is to increase the export of domestic agricultural products. In order to protect the domestic market of domestic agricultural products and resist the entry of foreign agricultural products, importing countries often use tariff barriers and technical barriers. After China's entry into WTO, tariff barriers have been abolished, and technical barriers have become an important means to restrict agricultural products from entering the domestic market. Article 20 of GATT stipulates that trade restrictions should be taken on agricultural products with pesticide residues to protect human health, and some provisions in Uruguay Agreement also put forward many restrictions on agricultural product quarantine. Therefore, pesticide residues in agricultural products and the existence of dangerous pests and weeds in agricultural products are two important technical barriers.
The Food Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and some countries have formulated the maximum residue limits (MRL) of various pesticides in different agricultural products, and the World Organization has formulated the maximum allowable intake (ADI) of toxic compounds per person per day, which can be used to measure whether pesticides in agricultural products exceed the standard. For example, the MRL value of monocrotophos is 0.05PPm in cottonseed oil (that is, it cannot exceed 0.05 g in one ton of cottonseed oil) and 0. 1 g in cottonseed oil. ADI values of monocrotophos are 0.03g and 50kg. The MRL value of grain 1605 is 0.3g per ton, and the ADI value is 0.00025g/50km2. Due to the unreasonable structure of pesticide products in China, pesticide varieties with high toxicity and high residue are still widely used, and some are even self-produced varieties. In addition, the prevention and control of diseases, pests and weeds depends on chemical control, excessive use of pesticides and excessive pesticide residues in agricultural products are serious. Due to the fierce competition in the international tea market, countries have strict requirements for pesticide residues in tea. At present, 18 countries and organizations in the world have promulgated 349 standards for pesticide residues in tea, and the requirements of the new standards are getting stricter and stricter. Among them, the residue of fenvalerate decreased by 100 times, and the port stipulated random sampling inspection. All tea leaves exceeding the standard are not allowed to be imported, and the soil is sealed, destroyed or returned. After the implementation of the new EU standards, many domestic teas will exceed the standard. If this problem is not solved, the tea with excessive residues will be withdrawn from the European and American markets and the entire export market, which will cause a fatal blow to production. Therefore, the National Pesticide Review Committee proposed to prohibit the use of metronidazole in tea, which was approved by the Ministry of Agriculture and notified to all tea producing areas for implementation. Some units in China still use highly toxic pesticides such as 1605, methyl 1605, methamidophos, monocrotophos and krill on vegetables, fruits and Chinese herbal medicines. In addition, some pesticides in China are not implemented according to the Guidelines for the Rational Use of Pesticides, which may easily lead to excessive pesticide residues in agricultural products and affect the export of agricultural products. China will strengthen the detection of pesticide residues in agricultural products. In 2000, "Opinions of Central the State Council on Doing a Good Job in Agriculture and Rural Areas" proposed to establish pesticide residue detection facilities in agricultural products wholesale markets. The agricultural department is drafting the industry standard of pesticide residue detection method and the punishment method of serious pesticide residue problem, so as to make the future detection regular and institutionalized.
After China's entry into WTO, in order to improve the competitiveness of agricultural products in domestic and foreign markets, the control strategies of diseases, pests and weeds and the use of pesticides need to be gradually adjusted. It is necessary to strengthen the promotion of integrated control, make full use of the resistance of varieties to pests and diseases, use agricultural cultivation measures to curb the occurrence of diseases, pests and weeds, and minimize the number of chemical control and pesticide consumption. Rational use of botanical, mineral and biological pesticides In the use of pesticides, gradually reduce the amount of highly toxic pesticides, and use pesticides in accordance with the requirements stipulated in the Guidelines for the Rational Use of Pesticides (such as target crops, times, dosage, methods, safe intervals, etc.). ).
After China's entry into WTO, plant inspection, as a technical barrier to import and export trade, will play a greater role in world trade.
Plant quarantine means that one country or region prohibits the introduction of agricultural products with dangerous sexually transmitted diseases, pests and weeds into another country or region. Plant quarantine is divided into external inspection and internal inspection. The port entry-exit inspection and quarantine bureau is responsible for external inspection, and the provincial, municipal and county plant protection and phytosanitary stations are responsible for internal inspection.
The initial function of plant quarantine is to protect agricultural production. With the process of world trade liberalization and the acceleration of reform and opening up, plant quarantine not only has the function of superconducting protection of agricultural production, but also has the function of opening up international markets, protecting domestic markets, increasing farmers' income, and even has political significance. Britain and France had a fierce quarrel over mad cow disease beef, which is a typical example of competing for the market. Japan has put forward various reasons for quarantine, prohibiting water from China from entering the Japanese market. For many years, China has banned foreign fruits from entering the China market, because there are Mediterranean fruit flies in many countries' fruits. At the same time, tourists are prohibited from bringing fruits into the country to protect the domestic market. After the reform and opening up, fruits have been imported, but they can only be imported from fruit producing areas without the harm of Mediterranean fruit flies, with a small quantity and high tariffs. The political role of plant quarantine can also be found in some big examples: the suitable area of tobacco downy mildew and the prohibition of importing tobacco leaves from epidemic areas. In 1960s, due to political needs, tobacco leaves were imported from Albanian epidemic areas and only put into Tianjin for processing. Processed cigarettes are only sold in big cities in non-tobacco producing areas. In recent years, with the cooperation of banana quarantine measures, a Latin American country changed from supporting the Danish human rights proposal against China to abstaining.
There are 65,438+00 wheat producing areas in the United States with dwarf head smut. During the Sino-US negotiations, the United States requested to export the wheat produced in the dwarf smut epidemic area to China. The American argument is that diseases are harmless and preventable. The United States also has double standards on this issue. On the one hand, China is required to import dwarf smut wheat; On the other hand, Mexican wheat with dwarf smut is not allowed to enter the United States.
1992, China's agricultural departments collected 1200 kinds of pests and diseases abroad. According to the standards of great damage loss, little distribution in China, artificial spread, survival and spread in China after introduction, and difficulty in prevention and control, 84 kinds of pests and diseases such as rice leaf roller, rice weevil and American white moth were declared as foreign quarantine objects. Similarly, many countries have announced their own quarantine targets. In China, rice bacterial leaf blight, bacterial leaf streak, cotton wilt, cotton verticillium wilt, citrus Huanglongbing, Liriomyza sativae, wild oats, soybean dodder and cantaloupe are listed as quarantine objects by some countries, and the import of agricultural products from these pest-affected areas is restricted.
After China's entry into WTO, plant quarantine will face greater pressure. On the one hand, when introducing abroad, it is necessary to prevent the introduction of dangerous sexually transmitted diseases and Cordyceps sinensis from abroad, and isolate the imported planting materials; On the other hand, various measures should be taken, such as selecting insect-resistant varieties, crop rotation and chemical control, to reduce the epidemic areas of existing quarantine objects until they are eliminated.
Three, after joining the WTO, it will accelerate the structural adjustment of domestic pesticide varieties, which is conducive to improving the level of prevention and control of diseases, pests and diseases.
After China's entry into WTO, China's pesticide industry will not be eliminated. The main reason is that China's pesticide industry has a history of 50 years, and has an industrial system in scientific research, processing and production, which has a certain competitive strength and is one of the best in developing China countries. Secondly, the import tariff of foreign pesticides is already very low, and now it is about 4%. There is not much room for reducing tariffs after China's entry into WTO. Third, large foreign companies need hundreds of millions of dollars to develop a product, and it takes ten to eight years to select from tens of thousands of compounds, resulting in high development costs and high sales prices; At the same time, foreign new pesticides generally have a patent protection period of 20 years, and large companies can monopolize the price, so the price is relatively high and farmers can't afford it. After China's entry into GATT, domestic pesticides still dominate the domestic market. Chinese pesticide enterprises are small, scattered and weak. The output value of pesticide industry in China is only 1/2 of that of a large foreign company, while there are 2,000 pesticide enterprises in China. Vicious competition among enterprises, low sales price and low profit, which makes them unable to accumulate and develop themselves, makes them vulnerable to competition from large foreign companies. After China's entry into WTO, small enterprises should shut down, stop, merge and change in competition to ensure the sustainable and healthy development of pesticide industry.
At present, the structure of pesticide products in China is extremely unreasonable. There are three unreasonable points in the structure of pesticide products in China: first, the proportion of pesticides is too low, accounting for 46% internationally, and only11%in China; Second, the output of organophosphorus pesticides is too high, accounting for 70% of the total pesticides, and the output of pyrethroids, ecdysone and other pesticides is too low. The third irrationality is that the output of highly toxic methyl 1605, 1605, monocrotophos, methamidophos and fosamine accounts for 70% of organophosphorus pesticides.
After China's entry into WTO, with the prohibition of the use of highly toxic pesticides in many countries, the standards of pesticide residues in agricultural products are becoming stricter and stricter, and the structure of pesticide products in China will be greatly adjusted. The general trend is to increase herbicide varieties, increase yield, greatly reduce the proportion of pesticides, and gradually eliminate highly toxic varieties. At present, there are two revolutionary changes in the field of pesticides that deserve attention. One is the emergence of insect-resistant transgenic crops and Bt pesticides, and the other is the emergence and popularization of insect-resistant transgenic crops and Bt pesticides, which may lead to the complete loss of the market for pesticides in the future. Second, the emergence of herbicide-resistant crops, mainly glyphosate-resistant crops (rice, soybean, rape, cotton), may lead to great changes in the herbicide market in the future. The adjustment of domestic pesticide product structure and the emergence of a large number of pesticides with high efficiency, safety, low toxicity and low residue will raise the prevention and control of diseases, pests and weeds to a new level.