Improvement of air quality in the first unit
1. Air quality report
(1) Air quality evaluation includes:
Sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), respirable particulate matter
Air pollution index: calculated based on the concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), respirable particulate matter and other pollutants in the air value. The primary pollution index is the air pollution index of the area
(2) Main atmospheric pollutants and their hazards
1. Greenhouse effect
(1) Reasons :
①The global consumption of fossil fuels has soared, emitting a large amount of CO2;
②Indiscriminate deforestation has led to a sharp reduction in forest area and a decrease in the ability to absorb CO2.
2. Main hazards:
(1) Melting glaciers, causing sea levels to rise
(2) Increased pests and diseases on the earth
(3) The climate is abnormal and ocean storms are increasing
(4) The land is dry and the desertification area is increasing.
3. Measures to control the greenhouse effect
(1) Gradually adjust the energy structure, develop and utilize solar energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy, etc., and reduce the burning of fossil fuels; (2) Further afforestation, forest protection, and conversion of CO2 in the air
2. Acid rain
(1) Cause: acid oxides (SO2, NO2)
SO2+H2O==H2SO32H2SO3+O2==2H2SO4
(2) Prevention methods:
①Develop new energy sources (solar energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, etc.)
②Reduce the S content in fossil fuels
Calcium-based desulfurization
CaCO3==CaO+CO2
CaO+SO2==CaSO3
< p> 2CaSO3+O2==2CaSO4③Absorb SO2 in the air
④Strengthen environmental education
3. Motor vehicle exhaust pollution:
Exhaust gas purification device
2NO+2CO=N2+2CO2
4. CO can combine with human hemoglobin to cause poisoning
5. Can be inhaled Particulate matter: electrostatic dust
6. Bedroom air pollutants: formaldehyde, benzene and its homologues of benzene, radon, etc.
Hazards: The impact of formaldehyde on human health (abnormal liver function) etc.)
7. The harm of white pollution:
① Destroy soil structure
② Reduce soil fertilizer efficiency
③ Pollution of groundwater
④ Endangering the survival of marine life
Rational utilization of water resources in the second unit
1. General steps for water purification in water plants
Coagulation Sedimentation filtration activated carbon adsorption pool deodorization, sterilization and disinfection
Alum---Purpose: water purification principle:
Al3++3H2O=Al(OH)3(colloid)+3H+< /p>
Al(OH)3 (colloid) has adsorption properties to adsorb impurities in water and settle them
Purpose of activated carbon: remove odor
Principle: adsorption
< p>Purpose of liquid chlorine: Sterilization and disinfection Cl2+H2O=HCl+HClO (strong oxidizing)2. Chemical methods and their principles in sewage treatment
Common physical methods for sewage treatment , chemical method, biological method
1. Chemical method Neutralization method Oxidation-reduction method Precipitation method
(1) Neutralization method is suitable for treating acidic sewage
(2) The redox method is suitable for treating oil, cyanide, sulfide, etc. (air, ozone, chlorine) are common oxidants
(3) The precipitation method is suitable for treating sewage containing heavy metal ions (if an appropriate amount is added The alkali controls the PH value of wastewater)
Classification and treatment of domestic waste in the third unit
Harmless treatment: incineration, sanitary landfill, recycling for special treatment
Resource treatment of garbage disposal: biogas generated from garbage, recycling of waste plastics, recycling of waste glass
Nutritional balance and human health
The first unit absorbs the chemicals necessary for the human body Elements
1. Essential elements for the human body
Common trace elements
Ca: dairy products Mg: vegetables and animal offal P: fish F: tea Fe: seaweed Cu: raisins Selenium: meat
1. Iodized salt and iodine supplement
Iodine is present as KIO3 in iodized salt. Symptoms of iodine deficiency: causing local goiter
2. Iron-fortified soy sauce and iron supplementation
Function: an essential component of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Symptoms of iron deficiency: anemia, iron deficiency in children leads to mental retardation
Supplementary treatment measures:
①Eat more iron-rich foods, such as animal offal, whole animal blood, meat, fish, eggs
②Oral iron supplements
p>③Iron-fortified soy sauce
3. Dental caries and fluoride toothpaste
Fluoride deficiency: causes dental caries and causes senile osteoporosis
Mechanism ：
Ca5(PO4)3OH(s)==5Ca2+(aq)+3P
O43-(aq)+OH-(aq)
Sugar generates acidic substances under the action of enzymes, causing the above-mentioned dissolution equilibrium to move toward the dissolution direction of Ca5(PO4)3OH. F can interact with Ca2+ and PO43- more Stable Ca5(PO4)3F.
4. Zinc-rich foods and zinc supplements
Zinc deficiency: leads to poor growth and development, mental retardation, loss of appetite, degradation of immune function, and poor resistance.
Supplement: Foods rich in zinc include: lean meat, pork liver, eggs, oysters, etc. Soybeans, corn, millet, walnuts, and pine nuts also contain more zinc.
(1) Medicinal supplements: Patients with severe zinc deficiency can take some zinc supplements according to the doctor’s instructions, such as zinc gluconate
The second unit is food that provides energy and nutrition
1. Sugars
(1) Sugars: glucose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, starch and cellulose, disaccharides and polysaccharides under the catalysis of dilute sulfuric acid or enzymes in the human body, Hydrolysis reaction occurs.
Starch glucose
2. Esters produced from higher fatty acids and glycerol
Provide calories and essential fatty acids for humans
In enzymes Hydrolyzed into higher fatty acids and glycerol under the action of
3. Protein
1. Hydrolysis finally produces amino acids a General formula of amino acids
2. Protein salting out: protein + Inorganic salt solution (NH4) 2SO4 or Na2SO4, → sedimentation + water → dissolution
(separation and purification of protein)
3. Denaturation: strong acid, strong alkali, heavy metal salt, formaldehyde, Heating, etc. will cause condensation and loss of activity. Irreversible
4. 8 essential amino acids: cannot be synthesized in the human body and must be supplied in food
5. Foods containing protein: tofu, fish, eggs, milk
IV. Vitamins
1. Vitamin A: a fat-soluble vitamin
People who are deficient are prone to night blindness, dry eye and other eye diseases. Intake route: carrots and other vegetables and cod liver oil
3. Vitamin C: also known as ascorbic acid, water-soluble vitamin
Prevents scurvy, has strong reducing properties and is easily Oxidation, easy to decompose when exposed to heat. Intake route: fresh vegetables and fruits (kiwi, pepper)
Summary of chemical properties:
(1) Reducing property (reducing I2, Fe3+)
(2) Addition reaction (3) Esterification reaction
(4) Easily decomposes when exposed to heat
Unit 3: Additives for optimizing food quality
( 1) Coloring agents (natural pigments, artificial food pigments) color-developing agents nitrate and nitrite (nitrous acid should not be consumed in excess)
(2) Flavoring agents
(3) Loosening agents: sodium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, compound loosening agents, etc. (Add baking soda when kneading the dough)
(4) Preservatives: benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, calcium propionate, etc.
Unit 4 Benefits Chemical drugs for human health
1. Common drugs in life
1. Antacids treat excessive secretion of gastric acid (main component hydrochloric acid).
The main component of Weishuping is aluminum hydroxide, which neutralizes gastric acid.
2. Antipyretic and analgesic drug aspirin - the main component is acetylsalicylic acid, which has antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic effects.
3. Synthetic antibacterial sulfonamides such as pipefenac, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin.
4. Antibiotic effects: inhibit the growth of certain microorganisms and kill certain microorganisms.
Commonly used drugs: penicillin, amoxicillin (amoxicillin)
Amoxicillin: has good effects on respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, peptic ulcers and gastritis
2. Safety Medication
It is very necessary to follow the doctor's advice or follow the medical instructions. Over-the-counter drugs (0TC) and refuse drugs
Rich and colorful living materials
The first unit is widely used metal materials< /p>
1. Properties of metals and their applications
1. The main components of Al cans
(1) The ability to form an oxide film with oxygen at room temperature to resist corrosion
p>
(2) Reaction with CuSO4 2Al+3CuSO4==Al2(SO4)3+3Cu
(3) Reaction with alkali 2Al+2NaOH+2H2O==NaAlO2+3H2↑
(4) Passivation with concentrated sulfuric acid or concentrated nitric acid at room temperature
2. Alloy
1. Definition: the combination of two or more metals (or metals and non-metals) A metal-active substance formed by the fusion of metals
2. It has good physical and chemical properties
Pure aluminum and pure iron are soft and have low strength and cannot create load-bearing structures. Parts
3. Metal corrosion
1. Chemical corrosion: Corrosion caused by direct chemical reaction between metal and the substances in contact
2. Electrochemical corrosion : When impure metal or alloy comes into contact with the electrolyte solution, a galvanic reaction will occur, and the more active metal will lose electrons and be oxidized and corroded
3. Fe-2e-→Fe2+→Fe(OH)2→ Fe(OH)3→Fe2O3·XH2O
4. Several important methods of metal protection
①Cover a protective layer on the metal surface. (Bluing, paint, etc.)
② Change the internal structure of the metal to make an alloy. (Stainless steel)
③Electrochemical protection method, that is, the metal is used as the positive electrode of the original battery or connected to the negative electrode of the power supply.
Unit 2: Inorganic non-metallic materials with different functions
1. Silicate materials in life
1. Ceramics: raw material - clay ( Main ingredients: silicate)
2. Glass: Raw materials - quartz sand, soda ash (sodium carbonate), limestone (calcium carbonate)
Ingredients - sodium silicate, silicic acid Calcium, silica
Equipment - Furnace
Special glass: quartz glass, optical glass, chemical instruments, colored glass, color-changing glass, tempered glass
3. Cement: Raw materials - clay, limestone (calcium carbonate)
Ingredients - dicalcium silicate, tricalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate
Equipment - rotary kiln
Gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate) can be used to adjust hydraulic hardness
Reinforced concrete composition: cement, sand, gravel, water mixed in proportion
2. Light guide Fibers and new ceramic materials
1. Advantages of optical fiber: large capacity, fast transmission speed, metal saving
2. New ceramics: structural ceramics (such as nanoceramics)
Functional ceramics (such as bioceramics)
The third unit of polymer materials and composite materials
1. Plastics
1. Polymerization reaction: adding Polymerization reaction (such as making polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene)
Condensation polymerization reaction (such as making phenolic resin)
Polyvinyl chloride film cannot be used to package food , polyethylene should be used
The inner wall of the non-stick pan is coated with polytetrafluoroethylene
2. Monomer: a substance used to prepare polymers, between two or more monomers The addition polymerization reaction is the polymerization reaction.
2. Fiber
1. Natural fiber: plant fiber (such as cotton, which is composed of cellulose and belongs to sugar)
Animal fiber (such as wool, Silk, composed of protein)
2. Chemical fiber: man-made fiber (processing of natural fiber, such as viscose fiber)
Synthetic fiber (completely made by humans, such as nylon) Nylon, also known as nylon, is the first time that humans have used non-fiber materials and chemical fibers obtained through chemical synthesis.
3. Rubber
1. Natural rubber: Natural latex (mainly obtained from rubber trees) is used as raw material, and its component is polyisoprene, which is a linear molecule.
Vulcanized rubber contains disulfide bonds, which transform linear molecules into network-like molecules that are elastic and not easily deformed.
2. Synthetic rubber: such as styrene-butadiene rubber, etc.
Plastics, synthetic fibers, and synthetic rubber are also called the three major synthetic materials
4. Functional polymer materials
There are many types, such as highly absorbent materials, which can be used to make disposable diapers, agricultural and forestry water-retaining agents, and petrochemical dehydrating agents
5. Composite materials
1 , Definition: A composite material composed of two or more materials with different properties, usually with superior performance than the raw materials. Such as reinforced concrete, asbestos tiles, fiberglass
2. Composition: matrix material, reinforcing material, such as carbon fiber reinforced material
Unit 4
1. Material Changes and Properties
1. Changes in matter:
Physical changes: changes that do not produce other substances. Chemical change: A change that produces other substances.
Chemical changes and physical changes often occur simultaneously. When a substance undergoes a chemical change, it must be accompanied by a physical change; when a physical change occurs, a chemical change does not necessarily occur at the same time. The three-state changes of matter (solid, liquid, and gas) are physical changes. When a physical change occurs in a substance, only the spacing between molecules changes, but the molecules themselves do not change; when a chemical change occurs, the molecules are destroyed and the molecules themselves change. Characteristics of chemical changes: changes that produce other substances.
2. Properties of matter (words such as "can..." and "can..." are often used in sentences describing properties)
Physical properties: color, state, odor, melting point, Boiling point, hardness, density, solubility.
Chemical properties: Properties expressed through chemical changes. Such as reducing, oxidizing, acidic, alkaline, flammability, thermal stability.
The chemical properties of an element are most closely related to the number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom. The number of electrons in an atom's outermost shell determines the chemical properties of an element.
2. Classification of substances
3. Mixture: It is a mixture of two or more substances (or composed of different substances), for example, air, solution ( Hydrochloric acid, clarified lime water, iodine, mineral water) minerals (coal, oil, natural gas, iron ore, limestone), alloys (pig iron, steel)
Note: Oxygen and ozone are mixed Substances are mixtures, and a mixture of red phosphorus and white phosphorus is also a mixture.
Pure substances and mixtures have nothing to do with the types of constituent elements. That is, a substance composed of one element may be pure or a mixture, and a substance composed of multiple elements may be pure or a mixture.
4. Pure substance: composed of one substance. For example: water, mercury, and blue vitriol (CuSO4·5H2O) are all pure substances, and ice mixed with water is a pure substance. Anything with "some chemical" and "some acid" in their names are pure substances and compounds.
5.Element: a pure substance composed of the same (or one) element. For example: iron oxygen (liquid oxygen), hydrogen, mercury.
6. Compound: a pure substance composed of different (two or more) elements. Those with "a certain chemical" and "a certain acid" in their names are compounds.
7. Organic substances (organic compounds): compounds containing other than carbon elements (except CO, CO2 and carbonate-containing compounds), inorganic substances (inorganic compounds): compounds that do not contain carbon elements and CO, CO2 and carbonate-containing compounds
8. Oxide: a compound composed of two elements, one of which is oxygen.
a. Acidic oxides: react with alkali to form salt and water oxides CO2, SO2, SO3
Most non-metal oxides are acidic oxides and react with water Generates oxygen-containing acids of the same price.
CO2+H2O=H2CO3
SO2+H2O=H2SO3
SO3+H2O=H2SO4
b. Alkaline oxide: Reacts with acids to form salts and water oxides.
CaONa2OMgOFe2O3CuO
Most metal oxides are alkaline oxides. CaOK2OCaONa2O dissolves in water and immediately reacts with water to form the corresponding alkali. Other alkaline oxides are insoluble in water and do not react with water.
CaO+H2O=Ca(OH)2
CaO+H2O=Ca(OH)2
Na2O+H2O=2NaOH
K2O+H2O=2KOH
c. Note: CO and H2O are neither acidic oxides nor alkaline oxides, and are non-salt-forming oxides.
9. Acid: A compound in which all cations generated during ionization are hydrogen ions. The pH of the acid solution is less than 7
The last word in the name of the acid is "acid", and usually the first element in the chemical formula is "H". The acid is composed of hydrogen and acid ions
Purple litmus test solution turns red when exposed to acid, and colorless phenolphthalein test solution does not change color when exposed to acid. According to the composition of the acid, there are usually two classification methods:
Acidic Ionization equation: acid = nH++ acid ion n-
a. According to the number of hydrogen ions that can be generated by ionization of acid molecules, it is divided into:
Monobasic acids (HCl, HNO3), Dibasic acids (H2SO4, H2S, H2CO3) and tribasic acids (H3PO4)
b. According to whether there are oxygen atoms in the acid molecules, they are divided into: oxygen-containing acids (H2SO4, HNO3, H2CO3, H3PO4 is named : A certain acid, anaerobic acid (HCl, H2S is called: hydrogen acid)
The methods for identifying acids (identifying H+) are: ① What turns red when adding purple litmus test solution is an acid solution; ② Adding active metals Mg, Fe, Zn, etc. will release hydrogen gas
10. Alkali: The anions generated during ionization are all compounds of hydroxide ions. Alkali is usually composed of metal ions and hydroxide ions. There are five types of bases: potassium, calcium, sodium, and ammonia (KOH, Ca(OH)2, NaOH, Ba(OH)2, NH4·OH ammonia). Their solutions are colorless.
Colored bases ( Insoluble in water): reddish-brown iron hydroxide (Fe(OH)3↓), blue copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)2↓)
Other solid alkali names are white. Usually there is "hydrogen oxide", and the last end of the chemical formula is "OH"
The pH of the soluble alkali solution is greater than 7, the purple litmus test solution turns blue when exposed to dissolved alkali, and the colorless phenolphthalein test solution turns blue when exposed to dissolved alkali Alkali turns red
Method 1 for identifying soluble alkali solutions (identifying OH-): add purple litmus test solution and turn it blue, add colorless phenolphthalein test solution and turn red, it is an alkali. Method 2: add iron salt solution A reddish-brown precipitate will form; if a copper salt solution is added, a blue precipitate will appear.
3. Properties and uses of hydrogen
11. Properties of hydrogen
(1) Physical properties: The gas with the smallest density, difficult to dissolve in water
(2) Chemical properties:
① Flammability: Hydrogen burns in air
< p> Phenomenon: Pure hydrogen burns quietly in the air, emitting a light blue flame and releasing heatImpure hydrogen will explode when ignited, so the purity of the hydrogen must be checked before igniting the hydrogen.
②Reducibility: Hydrogen reduces copper oxide
Phenomena: Black copper oxide gradually turns to bright red copper, and water droplets appear on the tube wall
Hydrogen reduces and oxidizes Precautions for the copper experiment: "Be late and leave early with the alcohol lamp", that is, at the beginning, hydrogen must be introduced first and then heated (the purpose is to drain the air in the tube to prevent the hydrogen and air in the tube from mixing and heating and causing an explosion); at the end of the experiment, the heating must be stopped and continued Pour in hydrogen to cool the test tube (to prevent the generated copper from being oxidized into CuO when heated)
(3) Uses of hydrogen: inflatable balls, smelting metals, high-energy fuels, chemical raw materials
12 .Reaction to generate hydrogen (the most commonly used reagents for preparing H2 in the laboratory are:
Zinc particles and dilute sulfuric acid, ②③⑤⑥⑦ can also be used)
①Reaction of zinc particles and dilute sulfuric acid Zn+ H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2↑
②The reaction of iron and dilute sulfuric acid Fe+H2SO4=FeSO4+H2↑
③The reaction of magnesium and dilute sulfuric acid Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2↑
④Reaction of aluminum and dilute sulfuric acid 2Al+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑
⑤Reaction of zinc particles and hydrochloric acid Zn+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2↑
⑥Reaction of iron and hydrochloric acid Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2↑
⑦Reaction of magnesium and hydrochloric acid Mg+2HCl=MgCl2+H2↑
⑧Reaction of aluminum and hydrochloric acid 2Al+6HCl= 2AlCl3+3H2↑
IV. Properties of Iron
13. Physical properties of iron: a solid with silvery white metallic luster, good ductility and malleability, soft, and Conductor
Chemical properties of iron:
(1) Iron reacts with oxygen
Iron is easy to form in humid air (when there are both H2O and O2) Rust, rust is a mixture, the main component is iron oxide Fe2O3
Anti-rust method: apply a protective film (such as paint or oil) on the iron surface; galvanize and other metals or bake blue
Iron burns in oxygen to form iron tetroxide, which burns violently, sparks are emitted, and forms a black solid, releasing heat
(2) Iron can be combined with acids and salts of metals ranked after iron The solution undergoes a displacement reaction (the solution turns light green after the reaction)
①The reaction of iron with copper sulfate solution (the pioneer of modern hydrometallurgy) chemical equation:
Fe+CuSO4=Cu+ FeSO4
Phenomenon: The surface of the iron wire is covered with a layer of red copper, and the solution turns light green after the reaction
②Reaction of iron and sulfuric acid Fe+H2SO4=FeSO4+H2↑
< p> Reaction of iron with hydrochloric acid Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2↑Phenomenon: bubbles are generated, and the solution turns light green after the reaction (iron has two ions: ferric ion Fe3 + ferrous ion Fe2+)
p>There are three oxides of iron element: iron oxide Fe2O3 ferrous oxide FeO ferric oxide Fe3O4.
Among them: the iron in iron oxide Fe2O3 is positive trivalent, the iron in ferrous oxide FeO is positive divalent, and ferric oxide Fe3O4 is a mixture of iron oxide Fe2O3 and ferrous oxide FeO (Fe2O3·FeO)
14. Pig iron and steel: Both are alloys of iron. The difference is that the carbon content is different. Pig iron has a high carbon content and steel has a low carbon content.
Alloy: A mixture of metals and metals (or non-metals) with metallic properties. (Pure substances are not alloys)
Unit 5
1. Material structure theory
1. Use the periodic changes of atomic radius and element valence to compare atoms of different elements Or the size of the ionic radius
2. Use the gradation law of metallicity and non-metallicity of elements of the same period and the same main group to judge the acidity and alkalinity of a specific substance or the stability of gaseous hydrides or the properties of corresponding ions The strength of oxidizing and reducing properties.
3. Use the relationship between the "position--structure--property" of elements in the periodic table to deduce elements.
4. Apply the periodic law of elements, amphoteric oxides, and amphoteric hydroxides for relevant calculations or comprehensive applications, and pay enough attention to the block diagram questions of element inference.
5. Crystal structure theory
⑴Spatial structure of crystals: The crystal structure representing a substance must be carefully analyzed and understood. There are only a few crystal structures involved in high school textbooks. When setting questions for the college entrance examination, we use this as a blueprint to examine the structures of other crystals that are similar to these crystal structures and have not been studied.
⑵The influence of crystal structure on its properties: comparison of the melting and boiling points of substances.
⑶Judgement of crystal type and unit cell calculation.
2. Chemical reaction rate and chemical equilibrium theory
Chemical reaction rate and chemical equilibrium are important basic theories in middle school chemistry and an important theoretical basis for chemical production technology. They are hot topics in the college entrance examination and difficulty. The examination mainly focuses on: mastering the expression and calculation of reaction rate, and understanding the impact of external conditions (concentration, pressure, temperature, catalyst, etc.) on reaction rate.
The test points mainly focus on the rate relationship expressed by different substances for the same reaction, the impact of external conditions on the reaction rate, etc. The signs and establishment methods of chemical equilibrium, and the influence of external conditions on chemical equilibrium. Use the principle of equilibrium movement to determine the direction of equilibrium movement, the relationship between the changes in physical quantities of each substance and the state of matter, equivalent balance, etc.
1. The signs of a reversible reaction reaching a chemical equilibrium state and the movement of chemical equilibrium
Mainly include: the characteristics of a reversible reaction when it reaches equilibrium, the knowledge of equilibrium movement when conditions change, and the movement process Changes of certain physical quantities and the application of Le Chatelier's principle.
3. Electrolyte Theory
The electrolyte theory focuses on the establishment of the ionization equilibrium of weak electrolytes, the writing of ionization equations, the influence of external conditions on the ionization equilibrium, and the weak issues related to acid-base neutralization reactions. Calculation of the participation of electrolytes and experimental principles of acid-base neutralization titrations, calculations of the ion product constant of water and the concentration of hydrogen ions ionized by water in the solution and calculation of pH, judgment of the acidity and alkalinity of the solution, and the degree of ionization of water in different electrolyte solutions Comparison of sizes, hydrolysis principles and applications of salts, ion storage, comparison of ion concentrations, penetration between electrolyte theory and biological subjects, etc.
Important knowledge points are:
1. The ionization balance of weak electrolytes and influencing factors, the ionization of water and the pH of the solution and its calculation.
2. Hydrolysis of salts and their applications, especially the comparison of ion concentrations and the existing problems of ions.
IV. Electrochemical Theory
Electrochemical theory includes galvanic cell theory and electrolysis theory.
The main content of the primary battery theory: determine whether a device is a primary battery and determine the positive and negative electrodes of the primary battery, write the electrode reaction formula and the total reaction formula; when the primary battery is working, the electrolyte solution and the polar area solution Changes in pH and the movement direction of ions in the solution when the battery is working; the working principle of the new chemical power source.
Special attention should be paid to the fact that many of the daily life and new technology contents that the college entrance examination focuses on are related to primary batteries. It should also be noted that the propositions in this part of the content are often accompanied by chemical experiments, knowledge of elements and compounds, and knowledge of oxidation and reduction. Together. At the same time, primary batteries are intertwined with biological and physical knowledge, such as bioelectricity, the hazards of used batteries, the conversion of chemical energy and electrical energy, and battery efficiency, which are all hot topics in science and technology.
The principle of electrolysis includes judging the electrolytic cell, the cathode and anode of the electrolytic cell, and the electrode reaction formula when the two poles are working; judging the pH changes of the solution and the solution in the two polar areas during and after the operation of the electrolytic cell; the application of the electrolysis principle and Calculations related to electrolysis. The characteristics of the proposition are integrated with other contents of chemistry, the principles of electrolysis are closely related to physical knowledge, and the issues are integrated between disciplines.