Because there are chloroplasts in algae, algae in lakes can be detected.
SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter can measure the relative chlorophyll content or "greenness" of plants in real time, so as to understand the real nitro demand of plants and help you understand the lack of nitro in soil or whether nitrogen fertilizer is applied too much. You can use this instrument to improve the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer and protect the environment (to prevent excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer from polluting the environment, especially the water source).
Principle:
SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter determines the relative content of chlorophyll in leaves by measuring the light transmittance of leaves in two wavelength ranges.
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PAM-2 100 and mini PAM, of course!
1983, Professor Ulrich Schreiber of Uzburg University in Germany, the chief scientist of WALZ Company, designed and manufactured the world's first modulated fluorometer-PAM-101102103, which made it possible to measure the fluorescence in natural light. Pam-10/102/103 has been widely used in plant physiology, ecology, agronomy, forestry, aquatic biology and other fields, and a large number of high-level research documents have been published. However, this kind of instrument is huge and difficult to take into the wild.
1992, Professor Ulrich Schreiber, the chief scientist of WALZ Company and the inventor of modulated fluorescence instrument, designed and manufactured the world's first portable modulated fluorescence instrument-PAM-2000, which was widely used in scientific research fields such as plant physiology and ecology, and became the best-selling modulated fluorescence instrument in the world in the following ten years.
1996, on the basis of concentrating the functions of PAM-2000, WALZ company designed and manufactured an ultra-portable modulated fluorescence instrument-mini-PAM, which is more convenient to carry. The instrument integrates the functions of PAM-2000, which is more suitable for field work and cheaper.
In 2003, WALZ Company upgraded PAM-2000 to PAM-2 100 on the basis of retaining all the functions and advantages of PAM-2000 and combining with the latest technology.
PAM-2 100
System description
PAM-2 100 adopts unique modulation technology and saturation pulse technology, so that the change of plant photosynthesis can be detected by selective in-situ measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence. The modulated measuring light of PAM-2 100 is low enough to only excite the background fluorescence of pigment without causing any photosynthesis, so that the basic fluorescence Fo can be recorded truly. PAM-2 100 has strong sensitivity and selectivity, so that the fluorescence yield can be determined without interference even in very strong environment without filtering treatment (such as full illumination or even under the saturated light intensity of10000 μ mol m-2s-1). Therefore, PAM-2 100 is not only suitable for measurement under manual control in laboratory, but also suitable for field scientific research in natural environment or even under strong full illumination.
PAM-2 100 is a very portable and powerful measuring system, which assembles various optical and electronic components in a 24cm×10.5cm×1cm shell. The measuring light is emitted by a 655 nm light emitting diode (LED), which can automatically switch between low frequency (600 Hz) and high frequency (20 kHz). Actinic light (visible light for photosynthesis can actually be absorbed and utilized by photosynthetic organisms) is provided by halogen lamp (white light) or red LED(655 nm). The LED emits far red light (735 nm, which promotes the rapid consumption of electrons accumulated by PQ by the optical system I).
The key operation of PAM-2 100 is very simple. The basic measurement only needs one operation. The data is automatically analyzed, stored and displayed on the display screen of the built-in computer. In addition to the Parameter Window, the Dynamic Window can also display the real-time changes of curves.
PAM-2 100 uses optical fiber for signal transmission. Photo-adaptive leaf clamp 2030-B (patented product) is equipped with a micro-optical quantum/temperature sensor, which can record the photosynthetic effective radiation (PAR) and temperature changes at the same time as the fluorescence signal.
PAM-2 100 is equipped with 10 standard operation (pre-programmed programs for specific commands are executed at certain intervals and in a certain order), and users can carry out complex experiments with only one keystroke. Users can also edit these standard runs to obtain their own user runs (unlimited number) to meet special experimental needs.
PAM-2 100 host can be directly connected with the computer (round mouth) keyboard, and special programs can be edited in the field according to the needs of experiments without a computer.
PAM-2 100 can also set up stand-alone operating software DA-2 100 to automatically execute a certain operation or user operation at certain intervals, and the operation can be extended indefinitely. So it can be said that the function of PAM-2 100 can be extended almost infinitely. As long as the main engine and the blade clamp (both of which can be fixed on the tripod) are fixed and the key is pressed once, the instrument can automatically carry out a very complicated measurement process (when people are not on the scene).
In addition, the PAM-2 100 host can also be connected to a computer monitor or projector to enlarge the display, which is very suitable for teaching.
trait
1) An upgraded version of the prestigious PAM-2000.
2) Advanced detection equipment for photosynthesis, which is precise, accurate, fast and easy to operate.
3) It can be operated by a single computer (recorded by the built-in computer and DA-2 100 software) and can be connected with an external computer (PamWin, Windows operating software).
4) Portable design, large LCD screen (can display curve changes), 20 buttons.
5) Powerful data collection, analysis and storage functions.
6) Programs can be written and set in advance to carry out measurements for special research purposes.
7) The built-in lithium battery can meet the needs of long-term field work, and can be externally connected with 12 V battery.
8) A variety of leaf clips are available, and the patented photo-adaptive leaf clip 2030-B can record PAR and temperature changes at the same time.
9) light source selection: natural light, built-in light source (providing measuring light, actinic light, saturated pulse and far red light), and optional external halogen light source (especially suitable for field research)
function
1) can measure the fluorescence-induced curve, the rapid rising kinetics of O-I-D-P phase and O-J-I-P phase.
2) The slow decay kinetics of fluorescence induction curve can be measured and quenched (FO, FM, Fv/FM, f, FM, FO', DF/FM', QP, QN, NPQ, RETR, etc. ).
3) Photometric response curve and fast light curve (RLC)
4) A series of standard experiments (RUN 1 ~ RUN 10) are built into the instrument, and users can edit and establish their own user runs.
5) Photosynthetic changes of plants, microalgae, lichens and mosses can be detected online.
6) The single machine has powerful operation function and is especially suitable for field operation. When doing stand-alone operation in the laboratory, you can connect a computer monitor or projector to enlarge the display.
application area
The instrument is especially suitable for field use, and can be used to study the mechanism of photosynthesis and the influence of various environmental factors (light, temperature, nutrition, etc.). About the physiological state of plants, plant resistance (drought, cold, high temperature, waterlogging, ultraviolet rays, viruses, pollution, heavy metals, etc.). ) and the long-term ecological changes of plants. Widely used in plant physiology, plant ecology, plant pathology, agronomy, forestry, horticulture, aquatic biology, environmental science, toxicology, microalgae biotechnology, polar plant photosynthesis research and other fields.
10 standard operation
Run 1: measure the actual quantum yield (δf/FM').
Run 2: measure the maximum quantum yield Fv/Fm.
Run 3: record the induction curve and perform quenching analysis (sampling rate 10 ms/ point).
Run 4: record the induction curve and conduct quenching analysis (sampling rate 30 ms/ point)
Relaxation dynamics of run 5: qn
Run 6: Fast induced kinetic O-I-D-P stage (linear time)
Run 7: rapidly induced kinetics O-J-I-P period (logarithmic time)
Run 8: light response curve (76 minutes) (fast light curve can be measured with a little editing)
Run 9: light response curve (33 minutes) (fast light curve can be measured with a little editing)
Run 10: instrument self-check.
Users can modify or program themselves according to the needs of the experiment.
Mini PAM
MINI-PAM adopts unique modulation technology and saturation pulse technology, so it can detect the changes of plant photosynthesis by in-situ selective measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence. The modulation measurement light of MINI-PAM is low enough to only excite the background fluorescence of pigment without causing any photosynthesis, so that the basic fluorescence Fo can be recorded truly. MINI-PAM has strong sensitivity and selectivity, so that the fluorescence output can be measured without interference even in a strong environment without filter treatment (such as full illumination or even under the saturated light intensity of10000 μ mol m-2s-1). MINI-PAM is a powerful tool for field photosynthesis research.
The characteristic of ultra-portable pulse amplitude modulation micro PAM is to measure the actual quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in photosynthesis quickly and reliably. In addition, MINI-PAM inherits the consistent advantages of PAM series products of WALZ company, and selectively measures chlorophyll fluorescence in vivo by applying modulated measuring light. Based on innovative photoelectric design and advanced microprocessor technology, MINI-PAM can realize ultra-portable design and obtain sensitive and reliable results. At the same time, the operation of MINI-PAM is very simple.
Only one button is needed to measure photosynthetic quantum yield (start). The instrument will automatically measure the fluorescence yield (F) and the maximum fluorescence (Fm) and calculate the photosynthetic quantum yield (Y =δF/Fm). The obtained data will be displayed on the LCD screen and automatically stored. In addition, MINI-PAM has many mode menus, including fluorescence quenching analysis (qP, qN and NPQ) and recording light response curves. To meet the special needs of users.
The photosynthetic effective radiation (PAR), leaf temperature and relative electron transfer rate (rETR) can be measured after the photo-adaptive leaf clamp 2030-B is connected. The built-in battery can meet the needs of 1000 quantum yield measurement, and the instrument memory can store 4000 sets of data.
Windows operating software WinControl can perform data transmission, data analysis and remote control operations.
Standard MINI-PAM uses red light as measuring light. According to the needs of users, we can also provide blue light (470 nm) for MINI-PAM as measuring light.
trait
1) A simplified version of the prestigious PAM-2000.
2) Advanced detection equipment for photosynthesis, which is precise, accurate, fast and easy to operate.
3) It can be operated by a single computer (using a built-in computer) and can be connected to an external computer (Windows operating software WinControl).
4) Ultra-portable design with LCD screen and 8 buttons.
5) Powerful data collection, analysis and storage functions.
6) Low energy consumption, the built-in lithium battery can meet the needs of long-term field work, and the external 12 V battery can be used.
7) A variety of leaf clips are available, and the patented photo-adaptive leaf clip 2030-B can record PAR and temperature changes at the same time.
8) light source selection: natural light, built-in light source (providing measuring light, actinic light and saturated pulse), and optional external halogen light source (especially suitable for field research)
function
1) can be used to measure the fluorescence induction curve and perform quenching analysis (fo, FM, Fv/FM, f, FM', Δ f/FM', QP, QN, NPQ, RETR, PAR and leaf temperature, etc. ).
2) Photometric response curve and fast light curve (RLC)
3)5 1 Built-in mode menu is convenient for parameter setting and standard measurement.
4) Photosynthetic changes of plants, microalgae, lichens and mosses can be monitored online.
5) Powerful, especially suitable for field work. When WinControl is used in the laboratory, the program can be programmed by itself.