People's education publishing house middle school Chinese curriculum teaching materials research and development center
science fiction
Referred to as "science fiction", one of the novel categories. It shows the material, spiritual, cultural life and scientific and technological prospects of human beings in the future world in the form of fantasy, and its content is intertwined with scientific facts, foresight and imagination. Science, fantasy and novel are usually regarded as their three elements. It is a literary style with the vigorous development of modern science and technology. It is generally believed that Frankenstein, written by mary shelley, the wife of British poet Shelley (1797-1851), is the first science fiction novel, and French writer Verne is regarded as the father of science fiction. Gao Shiqi and others in China also wrote many excellent science fiction novels.
(Selected from Ci Hai, Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 1999 edition)
Common sense of environmental science
1, environmental education aims to make learners know and understand the relationship between man and the natural environment, actively protect the environment and natural resources, prevent environmental pollution, and carry out ecological knowledge education.
2. Environmental Science The science that studies the relationship between human beings and the environment. It is very comprehensive, involving natural science, social science and technical science. Macroscopically study the interaction and influence between human socio-economic development and environment; Microscopically, the laws of migration, transformation and accumulation of pollutants in environmental organizations, especially organisms, are studied. Focus on the living environment and production environment directly related to people's health, the change law of environmental quality caused by pollution and its comprehensive improvement techniques and methods.
3. Environmental quality. Generally speaking, it refers to the suitability of the overall environment or some elements of the environment in a specific environment for human survival, reproduction and social and economic development. It is a concept of environmental assessment that reflects the specific requirements of human beings. Including environmental comprehensive quality and environmental single factor quality. The former, such as urban environmental quality; The latter such as atmospheric environmental quality, water environmental quality, soil environmental quality, etc.
4. Environmental pollution of harmful substances (chemical and radioactive substances, pathogens, noise, waste gas, waste water, waste residue, etc.). ) are produced in the process of human production and life, leading to the decline of environmental quality, endangering human health and affecting the normal survival and development of living things. According to environmental factors, it can be divided into air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution. According to the nature of pollutants can be divided into biological pollution, chemical pollution, physical contamination; According to the form of pollutants, it can be divided into waste gas pollution, waste water pollution, waste pollution, noise pollution, radiation pollution and so on.
5. Environmental Management The management of environmental issues by the environmental protection departments of the state and governments at all levels. That is, through administrative, legal, economic, educational, scientific and technological means, the relationship between social and economic development and environmental protection is coordinated, and the relationship between various departments, social groups and individuals of the national economy related to environmental issues is handled, so that economic construction, urban and rural construction and environmental construction can be planned, implemented and developed simultaneously, so as to achieve the unity of economic, social and environmental benefits, prevent environmental pollution and maintain ecological balance. It mainly includes environmental planning management, environmental quality management, environmental supervision management and environmental technology management.
6. Environmental construction is to build a good living and production environment. Including protecting natural resources (such as building nature reserves), pollution control projects (such as sewage treatment projects) and new artificial ecosystems aimed at transforming the environment (such as establishing ecological farms).
7. Environmental protection measures taken to protect the natural environment and human living environment from destruction and pollution and make them more suitable for human life and natural biological survival. The contents include: rational use of resources to prevent environmental pollution; After producing environmental pollution, do a good job in comprehensive management. Environmental protection involves public health, geology, oceanography, hydrology, pedology, meteorology, ecology, genetics and environmental engineering.
(Selected from Ci Hai, Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 1999 edition)
Hoshi shinichi and His Miniature Novels (Li Youkuan)
Hoshi shinichi was born in Tokyo on September 1926. His father is the manager of a pharmaceutical company. He studied in the United States, founded a pharmaceutical university and served as a senator. Luo Zhenhuan's grandmother is the sister of Mori Yoshiro, a famous Japanese writer, and also a famous "star school" and "singer". Wakayama is a Japanese poetic style. ), my grandfather, Dr. Ryoji Ogi, was a pioneer in Japanese anatomy and anthropology. When hoshi shinichi was a child, she lived with her grandparents and was deeply influenced by them. Shinichi Hoshino studied in the primary school affiliated to Tokyo Women's Teachers College. After graduating from high school, she was admitted to the Department of Horticultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University. After graduation, she entered the Graduate School of Tokyo University for further study.
When the company was on the verge of bankruptcy, hoshi shinichi's gloomy mood was obvious. Therefore, although Nobuyuki Hoshino is not a completely pessimistic and negative world-weary, his rough and difficult experience has made him have a keen insight into the predatory and deceptive capitalist society, and he has written many colorful mini-novels that reflect social reality from all angles.
Miniature novels originated in America. Robert Foest, a famous American critic, once defined that micro-fiction must be highly "condensed" and full of drama, and the plot of an ordinary short story should be completely contained in about 1500 words. He believes that micro-fiction should have these three elements: first, the concept is novel and strange; Second, the plot is relatively complete; Third, the ending was unexpected.
Hoshi shinichi learned it from others. In addition to inheriting the "three elements theory" put forward by Robert, he first broke through the limitation of the length of mini-novels, ranging from two or three thousand words to four or five thousand words. "To make a long story short" greatly enhances the flexibility and expressiveness of mini-novels. Secondly, Hoshino Shinichi has broadened the theme of mini-novels to all fields of human life, especially good at science fiction. Some of his novels gallop in the imaginary future world, some resemble fairy tales and fables, some are full of philosophy, some are fascinating in reasoning, and some give goblins and ghosts human spirit and so on. Shinichi Hoshino's mini-novels often choose a clever angle and have a unique style, seeing the big from the small, just like a delicate small mirror, reflecting various fragments of social life from different angles.
Shinichi Hoshino is good at depicting the protagonist in relief by line drawing, "the emphasis is on the likeness, not the likeness", so that the characters can naturally show their own personality in dialogue and action. If you want to write mini-novels concisely and meticulously, you must master superb cutting skills. Shinichi Hoshino knows this well and often wins by surprise. To make a long story short, he cherishes ink like gold, and his feet are far away. The reason why Shinichi Hoshino's mini-novels can give people a brand-new and memorable artistic enjoyment is inseparable from his weighty "weight" at the end of his works. There are many mini-novels similar to fairy tales in hoshi shinichi. They are lively, interesting and educational, and are deeply loved by adults and children. Shinichi Hoshino's brush strokes have penetrated into every corner of real life, reflecting various social problems and contradictions.
Since 1959, Japanese writer and translator Du Zhudov officially introduced mini-novels popular in Europe and America to Japan, the number of Japanese writers writing in this literary style has increased year by year. But for more than 20 years, Shinichi Hoshino has always been far ahead in quantity and quality, as if enjoying the "patent right" in this field, and is regarded as "the originator of Japanese mini-novels". 1974, the Japanese trendy society published The Complete Works of Star Ambition, with a total volume of 18. By the end of 1983 and 10, Shinichi Hoshino had published more than 1000 works and became a world record creator.
A "micro-carving artist" who is good at carving on hair is not necessarily less painstaking than a sculptor who deals with statues tens of meters high. Similarly, writing mini-novels is not necessarily easier than writing great works. Hoshi shinichi's mini-novels are even called "haiku in novels" in Japan because of their conciseness, freshness, significance and poetry. There are absolutely no flowery words in his works, which are easy for Japanese primary and middle school students to understand. The formation of this simple style of writing is the result of the writer's painstaking management.
198 1 year, Toastmasters Japan founded the literary quarterly Mini-Novel Garden, and established the "Hoshino Shinichi Mini-Novel Literature Award" in this magazine, which is held once a year.
Xing Yi on the Road to Creation (complete works of modern literature, Xing Yi's works, commentary (Wan Zhi, Tian Quan)), Japanese trendy society, 1979 edition. ) wrote in the article, "I advocate that writing topics are not limited. But I set three principles for myself: first, never describe pornography or murder scenes; Second, don't follow the fashion, don't write works about current events and customs; Third, don't use modernist methods. " It is not easy for hoshi shinichi to keep such a serious writing attitude when the tendency of literature commercialization is becoming more and more serious and pornography and murder are flooding the Japanese literary world. Shinichi Hoshino's works can stand the test of time. Japanese writer Du Zhuduo said, "Even if you read his works ten years ago, you will never feel out of date." This is inseparable from his creative method. His works often don't involve specific places, environments, years, events and names, excluding those factors that may become outdated with the changes of the times. In Shinichi Hoshino's works, it is almost difficult to find detailed words describing portraits, and even the names of the protagonists are mostly replaced by letters such as N or S. Shinichi Hoshino once said in the article "Description of People": "Why don't my works use ordinary names? Because Japanese names have their particularity, readers can often judge the character and age of the characters according to their names. Some names are known as gentlemen with status at first glance, while others remind people of charming beauty. This situation is not uncommon. " Shinichi Hoshino doesn't want readers to get some impression only by the name of the protagonist in the work, but to make the characters "live" and express their character with actions. Shinichi Hoshino believes that writers should speak through their works, and novels are not papers after all. Instead of writing a mysterious and unfathomable "heavenly book" for critics to explain seriously, it is better to give readers easy-to-understand, vivid and interesting works directly, so that readers can taste and judge for themselves.
/CZYW/RJKBB/8NJXC/K 15。 JSP "Hello- coming out" Writing Background Starting Point "Hello- coming out" Theme Thinking Starting Point "Hello- coming out" New words Pinyin Starting Point "Hello- coming out" is similar to the starting point of word discrimination "Hello-coming out" Multi-tone words discrimination. ...