Noun, noun
1. robot; Automatic control device; Remote control equipment/device
2. Robots, people who work like machines
robot
It is the product of advanced comprehensive cybernetics, mechatronics, computers, materials and bionics. It has important applications in industrial Honda ASIMO robot, medicine, agriculture, architecture and even military fields.
Now, the international concept of robot has gradually approached the same. Generally speaking, people can accept that robots are machines that realize various functions by their own power and control ability. The United Nations Organization for Standardization adopted the definition of robot given by the American Robotics Association: "Programmable multifunctional manipulator; Or a special system that performs different tasks through computer changes and programmable actions. " It can bring many conveniences to mankind.
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origin
Robot, formerly robo, means slave, that is, servant of human beings. Words created by writer Robert.
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Ability evaluation standard
The evaluation criteria of robot ability include: intelligence, which refers to feeling and perception, including memory, operation, comparison, recognition, judgment, decision-making, learning and logical reasoning; Function refers to flexibility, universality or space occupation; Physical fitness refers to strength, speed, reliability, interoperability and longevity. Therefore, it can be said that robots are practical space running tools with biological functions, which can replace humans to complete some dangerous or difficult tasks.
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form
Robots are generally composed of actuators, driving devices, detection devices, control systems and complex machinery.
actuating mechanism
That is, the robot body, its arm generally adopts a spatial open-chain linkage mechanism, which is often called a kinematic pair (rotating pair or moving pair).
High-tech products of robots (18) joints, the number of joints is usually the degree of freedom of robots. According to the different joint configurations and motion coordinate forms, robot actuators can be divided into rectangular coordinate type, cylindrical coordinate type, polar coordinate type and joint coordinate type. For anthropomorphic purposes, the relevant parts of the robot body are often called base, waist, arm, wrist, hand (paw or end effector) and walking part (for mobile robot) respectively.
driving gear
It is a mechanism that drives the actuator to move. According to the command signal sent by the control system, the robot is moved with the help of power components. It inputs electrical signals and outputs linear and angular displacement. The driving devices used by robots are mainly electric driving devices, such as stepping motors and servo motors. In addition, there are hydraulic and pneumatic drives.
Function of detection equipment
It detects the movement and working state of the robot in real time, feeds it back to the control system as needed, compares it with the set information, and adjusts the actuator to ensure that the robot's action meets the predetermined requirements. Sensors as detection devices can be roughly divided into two categories: one is internal information sensor, which is used to detect the internal conditions of each part of the robot, such as the position, speed and acceleration of each joint, and send the measured information as feedback signals to the controller to form closed-loop control. One is the external information sensor, which is used to obtain the information of the robot's working object and external environment, so that the robot's actions can adapt to the changes of external conditions, make it reach a higher level of automation, and even make the robot have a certain "feeling" and develop towards intelligence. For example, external sensors such as vision and sound sense give information about the working object and working environment, and using this information to form a large feedback loop will greatly improve the working accuracy of the robot.
There are two ways to control the system.
One is centralized control, that is, all the control of the robot is completed by a microcomputer. The other is decentralized (hierarchical) control, that is, multiple microcomputers are used to share the control of the robot. For example, when the upper and lower computers are used to control the robot, the upper computer is often responsible for system management, communication, kinematics and dynamics calculation, and sends instruction information to the lower computer; As a slave machine, each joint corresponds to a CPU, which performs interpolation operation and servo control processing, realizes the given movement, and feeds back information to the host computer. According to the different requirements of the task, the control modes of the robot can be divided into point control, continuous trajectory control and force (torque) control.
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Robot exhibition competition
Serial number name cycle country/region
1 Robot World Cup (Robot World Cup) 2 years international
2WRO (International Robot Olympiad) 1 International
3IREX (Japan International Robot Exhibition) 1 Japan
4TIROS (Taipei International Robot Exhibition) 1 year Taiwan Province Province.
5 Robner 1 year International
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phylogeny
Intelligent robot is the most complicated robot, and it is also the robot friend that human beings are most eager to make as soon as possible. However, it is not easy to make an intelligent robot. It will take scientists decades or even hundreds of years to make machines simulate human walking.
192 1 year, the Czechoslovak writer karel capek created the word "robot" in his science fiction according to Robota (Czech, meaning "hard labor") and Robotnik (Polish, meaning "worker").
Elektro, a household robot manufactured by Westinghouse Electric Company, was exhibited at the new york World Expo on 1939. It is controlled by cables, can walk, can speak 77 words and even smoke, but it is far from really doing housework. But it makes people's yearning for home robots more concrete.
1942, American science fiction master Asimov put forward the "three laws of robots". Although this is only a creation in science fiction, it later became the default research and development principle in academic circles.
1948, norbert wiener published "cybernetics-the science of control and communication in animals and machines", which expounded the * * * same law of communication and control functions in machines and human nerve and sensory functions, and took the lead in proposing an automated factory with computers as the core.
George Devol, an American, made the world's first programmable robot and registered a patent. This kind of manipulator can do different jobs according to different programs, so it is universal and flexible.
At the Dartmouth meeting in 1956, Marvin Minsky put forward his view on intelligent machines: intelligent machines "can create an abstract model of the surrounding environment, and if they encounter problems, they can find solutions from the abstract model". This definition will affect the research direction of intelligent robots in the next 30 years.
1959 de Waal and American inventor Joseph engelberg made the first industrial robot. Subsequently, Unimation Company, the world's first robot manufacturing factory, was established. Because of engelberg's research and promotion of industrial robots, he is also called "the father of industrial robots".
1962, American AMF company produced "VERSTRAN" (meaning universal handling), which became a truly commercialized industrial robot like Unimate produced by Unimation company, and was exported to all countries in the world, which set off a worldwide upsurge of robots and robot research.
The application of 1962-1963 sensor improves the mobility of the robot. People tried to install various sensors on robots, including 196 1 Ernst's tactile sensor, 1962' s pressure sensor used by tomovic and Bonnie on the world's earliest "dexterous hand", 1963' s McCarthy began to add visual sensing system to robots,/kloc-0.
1965, the laboratory of applied physics of Johns Hopkins University developed the beast robot. Beast has been able to correct its position according to the environment through sonar systems, photovoltaic cells and other equipment. Since the mid-1960s, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University and Edinburgh University in the UK have successively set up robot laboratories. The United States has begun to study the second generation of robots with sensors and "feelings" and is moving towards artificial intelligence.
1968 The Stanford Research Institute in the United States announced their successful robot Shakey. It has a visual sensor, which can find and catch building blocks according to human instructions, but the computer that controls it is as big as a room. Shakey can be regarded as the first intelligent robot in the world, which opened the prelude to the research and development of the third generation robot.
1969, Ichiro Kato Laboratory of Waseda University in Japan developed the first robot that walked on two feet. Ichiro Kato has been committed to the research of humanoid robots for a long time and is known as the "father of humanoid robots". Japanese experts have always been good at developing humanoid robots and entertainment robots, and later went further, giving birth to Honda's ASIMO and Sony's QRIO.
Sony QRIO Robot 1973 The robot T3 of Mielack Dragon Company in Cincinnati, USA was born when robots and small computers cooperated together for the first time in the world.
1978, Unimation company of the United States launched PUMA, a general industrial robot, which indicated that the industrial robot technology was fully mature. Puma still works in the front line of the factory.
1984, engelberg pushed the robot Helpmate, which can deliver meals, medicines and emails to patients in the hospital. In the same year, he also predicted: "I will let the robot sweep the floor, cook, go out to help me wash the car and check the safety."
From 65438 to 0990, Professor Zhou Haizhong, a famous scholar in China, predicted in his article On Robots that by the middle of 2 1 century, nano-robots would completely change human labor and lifestyle.
1998, Lego Denmark launched the Mind-storms suite, which makes robot manufacturing as simple as building blocks and can be assembled at will, allowing robots to enter the personal world.
Sony AIBO Robot 1999 Sony Corporation of Japan launched a dog robot named "AIBO", which sold out immediately. Since then, entertainment robots have become one of the ways for robots to enter ordinary families.
In 2002, American iRobot Company introduced the vacuum cleaner robot Roomba, which can avoid obstacles, automatically design the travel route, and automatically drive to the charging seat when the power is insufficient. Roomba is the largest and most commercialized home robot in the world. The authorized agent of iRobot Company in Beijing: Beijing Micro Network Zhihong Technology Co., Ltd.
In June 2006, Microsoft Corporation launched Microsoft Robotics Studio, and the trend of modularization and platform unification of robots became more and more obvious. Bill Gates predicted that home robots would soon sweep the world.
Analog communication robot
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classify
Born in science fiction, people are full of illusions about robots. Perhaps it is precisely because of the vague definition of robot that people are given full imagination and creative space.
domestic robot
Can help people manage their lives and do simple housework. The housekeeper robot developed by Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Operating robot
Automatic control, repeatable programming, multi-function, several degrees of freedom, fixed or mobile, used in related automation systems.
programmable robot
According to the pre-required sequence and conditions, the mechanical actions of the robot are controlled in turn.
Teaching and copying robots
Through guidance or other means, the robot is taught to act first, and the working program is input, and the robot automatically repeats the operation.
Numerical control robot
There is no need to let the robot move. The robot is taught by numerical value and language, and the robot works according to the taught information.
Sensory control robot
The information obtained by the sensor is used to control the action of the robot.
Adaptive control robot
Can adapt to changes in the environment and control their actions.
Learning control robot
Can "experience" work experience, have certain learning function, and apply "learned" experience to work.
intelligent robot
A robot whose actions are decided by artificial intelligence.
According to the application environment, Chinese robotics experts divide robots into two categories, namely industrial robots and special robots. The so-called industrial robot is a multi-joint manipulator or multi-degree-of-freedom robot facing the industrial field. Special robots are all kinds of advanced robots except industrial robots, which are used in non-manufacturing industries and serve human beings, including service robots, underwater robots, entertainment robots, military robots, agricultural robots, robot machines and so on. Among special robots, some branches develop rapidly and tend to be independent systems, such as service robots, underwater robots, military robots and micro-manipulation robots. At present, international robotics scholars divide robots into two categories from the application environment: industrial robots in manufacturing environment and service environment and humanoid robots in non-manufacturing environment, which is consistent with the classification in China.
Aerial robots are also called unmanned machines. In recent years, in the military robot family, UAV is the field with the most active scientific research activities, the greatest technological progress, the largest investment in research and procurement, and the richest practical experience. For more than 80 years, the development of UAVs in the world is basically based on the United States, which ranks first in the world in terms of technical level, types and quantity.
Search and rescue robot
After a large-scale disaster, people can enter the ruins that people can't enter, scan the scenes in the ruins with infrared rays, and send the information to the search and rescue personnel outside.
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Variety article
First, robots with special functions.
The so-called ground military robot refers to the robot system used on the ground. They can not only help the police to clear bombs in peacetime and complete local security tasks, but also replace soldiers to perform various tasks such as mine clearance, reconnaissance and attack in wartime. Today, the United States, Britain, Germany, France, Japan and other countries have developed various types of ground military robots.
British "trolley" robot
In western countries, terrorist activities have always been a headache for the authorities. Due to racial conflicts, Britain was threatened by explosives, so as early as the 1960s, it successfully developed EOD robots. More than 800 sets of tracked "trolley" and "super trolley" EOD robots developed in Britain have been sold to military and police agencies in more than 50 countries. Recently, Britain has optimized the trolley robot, and developed two kinds of remote-controlled electric explosion disposal robots, the groundhog and the bison, for the Royal British Corps of Engineers to detect and dispose of explosives in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo. The woodchuck weighs 35 kilograms and has two cameras on the mast. Bison weighs 2 10 kg and can carry 100 kg. Both of them adopt radio control system, and the remote control distance is about 1 km.
"Groundhog" and "Bison" EOD robots
In addition to the bombs planted by terrorists, unexploded ordnance can be found everywhere in many war-torn countries in the world. For example, Kuwait after the Gulf War is like an ammunition depot that may explode at any time. 16 countries produced 250,000 mines and 850,000 shells, and the multinational forces dropped 25 million mines and submunitions, of which at least 20% did not explode. And until now, many countries still have unexploded bombs and mines from World War I and World War II. Therefore, there is a great demand for EOD robots.
Wheeled and tracked robots are used to remove explosives. They are generally small in size, flexible in steering and easy to work in narrow places. Operators can control their activities from hundreds of meters to several kilometers by radio or optical cable. Robots are generally equipped with multi-color CCD cameras to observe explosives; Multi-degree-of-freedom manipulator, which can unscrew the fuse or detonator of explosives with claws or clips and transport the explosives away; The car is also equipped with a shotgun, which can destroy the timing device and detonating device of explosives after aiming with a laser pen; Some robots are also equipped with high-pressure water guns that can cut explosives.
German EOD robot
In France, the air force, army and police departments all bought TRS200 medium EOD robot developed by cybernetics company. RM35 robot developed by DM company was also selected by Paris Airport Authority. German peacekeeping forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina are equipped with Telerob's MV4 series robots. The PXJ-2 robot developed by Shenyang Automation Institute in China has also joined the police force.
Andros series robots of American Remotec Company are welcomed by military and police departments in various countries, and the police stations of the White House and the Capitol have purchased such robots. Before the presidential election in South Africa, the police purchased four AndrosVIA robots, which performed more than 100 missions during the election. Andros robots can be used to deal with small random explosives. It is the only robot used by the US Air Force in passenger planes and buses. After the Gulf War, the US Navy also used this robot to clear mines and unexploded ordnance at air bases in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The US Air Force also sent five Andros robots to Kosovo to clean up explosives and submunitions. Every EOD team and aviation rescue center in the Air Force is equipped with an Andros VI robot for extreme operation.
The EOD robot developed by China.
EOD robot can not only dismantle bombs, but also monitor criminals' activities with its reconnaissance sensors. Surveillance personnel can observe criminals day and night in the distance, listen to their conversations and get a good understanding of the situation without exposing themselves.
1at the beginning of 993, the teaching case of Waco manor occurred in the United States. In order to find out the activities of believers, the FBI used two kinds of robots. One is AndrosVA and Andros MarkVIA robots from Remotec company, and the other is STV robot developed by RST company. STV is a 6-wheel remote control vehicle, which uses radio and optical cable for communication. The car has a bracket that can rise to 4.5 meters, and is equipped with a color stereo camera, a daytime sight, a low-light night vision device, a binaural audio detector, a chemical detector, a satellite positioning system, a forward-looking infrared sensor for target tracking, etc. The car only needs one operator, and the remote control distance is 10 km. In this operation, * * * sent three STVs. The operator remotely controlled the robot to stop at a distance of 548 meters from the manor, lifted the bracket on the car, and peeped at the window with a camera and an infrared detector. FBI officials observed the images sent back by the sensor around the fluorescent screen, so that they could clearly see the activities in the house.
Second, civil robots
It's not that people don't want to give a complete definition to robots. Since the birth of robots, people have been trying to explain what robots are. However, with the rapid development of robotics and the arrival of the information age, the content covered by robots is getting richer and richer, and the definition of robots is also constantly enriched and innovated.
1886, the French writer Lill Adam named this humanoid machine "Android" in his novel Future Eve, which consists of four parts:
1, life system (balance, walking, vocalization, body swing, feeling, expression, regulating movement, etc. );
2. Modeling scheme (metal cover with freely movable joints, a kind of armor);
3, artificial muscles (the above armor has various forms of the body, veins, sex and so on);
4, artificial skin (including skin color, mechanism, contour, hair, vision, teeth, claws, etc. ).
1920, Czech writer Karel Capec published the sci-fi script "Universal Robot of Rosam". In the script, Capec wrote the Czech word "Robota" as "Robota", which means slave. The drama predicted the tragic impact of the development of robots on human society, which attracted widespread attention and was regarded as the origin of the word robot. In the play, the robot works silently according to the master's orders, without feelings and affection, doing heavy work flatly. Later, Rosam succeeded, which made robots have feelings, leading to a rapid increase in the application departments of robots. Robots have become an indispensable part of factories and housework. The robot found that human beings were very selfish and unfair and finally rebelled. Robots are excellent in physical quality and intelligence, thus destroying human beings.
But the robot didn't know how to make itself, thinking that it was going to be extinct soon, so it began to look for human survivors, but there was no result. Finally, a pair of male and female robots with superior perception fell in love. At this time, robots evolved into humans and the world came back to life.