According to records, Nobel made three wills in his life, and the last two are now documented. His second will, written on March 14, 1893, stipulated that most of his estate should be left as bonuses after his death to support outstanding scientists, writers and people dedicated to world peace from various countries. At the same time, the will also stipulates that the other part of the estate (20%) will be inherited by 22 of his relatives and friends. The third will was written on the night of November 27, 1895. In this will, he clearly stated that the property worth more than 33 million Swedish kronor (more than 2 million pounds) will be used as a fund, and the annual interest will be divided into 5 parts, which will be awarded in the form of bonuses to the outstanding students in physics, chemistry, and science in that year. Persons who have made outstanding contributions to mankind in the fields of physiology or medicine, literature, and peace, regardless of gender. The establishment of this will naturally negates the legitimacy of the previous will and deprives his relatives and friends of their property inheritance rights. In addition, in this will, he also clearly designated two executors, namely Swedish entrepreneurs Rudolf Rieljacost and Ragona Solman. Did Nobel really make such a will? Why would he deprive his relatives and friends of their property inheritance rights?
The Nobel Prize (NobeIPrize) was founded in 1901. It is based on the famous Swedish chemist and inventor of nitroglycerin dynamite Alfred Bernhard Nobel (A1fred Bernhard Nobel, 1833.10.21 —December 10, 1896)’s will was established with part of his estate as a fund. The Nobel Prize includes a gold medal, certificate and bonus check.
Nobel was born in Stockholm, Sweden. Nobel devoted his life to the research of explosives. He was known as the "King of Explosives" for his invention of nitroglycerin detonators, nitroglycerin solid explosives and colloidal explosives. He not only engaged in theoretical research, but also carried out industrial practice. He obtained 355 technological invention patents throughout his life, opened about 100 companies and factories in 20 countries on five continents, including Europe and the United States, and accumulated huge wealth.
On December 10, 1896, Nobel died in Sanremo, Italy. The year before his death, he made an order to use most of his estate (about 9.2 million U.S. dollars) as a fund, divide the annual interest into 5 parts, and establish 5 prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine, literature, and peace. People from all over the world who have made significant contributions to mankind in these fields. Accordingly, in June 1900, the Swedish government approved the establishment of the Nobel Foundation, and the Swedish Parliament passed the "Regulations on Awarding Nobel Prizes", which was first awarded on December 10, 1901, the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death the following year. Nobel Prize. Since then, except for interruptions due to wartime, grand award ceremonies have been held on this day every year in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, and Oslo, the capital of Norway. In 1990, Klaus Nobel, one of Nobel's great-nephews, proposed the addition of a Nobel Earth Prize to be awarded to winners with outstanding environmental achievements. The award was first awarded on the occasion of World Environment Day on June 5, 1991.
]In 1968, on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the CCB, the Swedish Central Bank funded the addition of the Nobel Economic Prize (full name: "Swedish Central Bank in Memory of Alfred Bernd Nobel"). Economic Science Prize", also known as the "Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences"), awarded to those who have made significant contributions in the field of economic scientific research. This award began to be awarded in 1969 at the same time as five other awards.
In 1990, Klaus Nobel, one of Nobel's great-nephews, proposed the addition of the Nobel Earth Prize to be awarded to people around the world who have made significant contributions to protecting the environment. This "United Nations-Earth is One" award, known as the Green Nobel Prize, was first awarded by the "Earth is One" association under the auspices of the United Nations on the occasion of World Environment Day on June 5, 1991.
The Nobel Prize includes a gold medal, certificate and bonus check. The number of bonuses depends on the income of the foundation. Due to inflation, the face value of the bonus has increased year by year. It was initially about more than 30,000 US dollars, about 75,000 US dollars in the 1960s, about 220,000 US dollars in the 1980s, and about 220,000 US dollars in the 1990s. To about $1 million. The prize amount for each Nobel Prize in 2001 was 10 million Swedish krona (approximately US$950,000). The prize amount for each Bell Prize in 2005 was 10 million Swedish krona (approximately US$1.3 million).
The gold medal weighs about half a pound and contains 23K gold. The diameter of the medal is about 6.5 centimeters. On the front is a relief statue of Nobel. Different awards and medals have different decorations on the back. The design of each award certificate also has its own unique style. The award ceremony is grand and simple, with the number of attendees limited to between 1,500 and 1,800 people each year. Men must wear tuxedos or national costumes, and women must wear serious evening gowns. The flowers used in the ceremony are flown in from all over the world. Show respect for knowledge.
Since the Nobel Prize was awarded in 1901, only six Chinese have won the Nobel Prize in Science. They are Li Zhengdao, Yang Zhenning, Ting Zhaozhong, Li Yuanzhe, Zhu Diwen and Cui Qi.
According to Nobel's will, throughout the selection process, winners will not be affected by any nationality, ethnicity, ideology or religion. The only criterion for selection is the size of their achievements. However, some people pointed out that the selection process of the Nobel Prize, especially the Peace Prize, is sometimes still affected by political and other factors.
The entire process of Nobel Prize selection is confidential and there is no review. When the final results are published, only the name of the winner and a brief reason are included. Records related to the selection and candidate materials shall not be disclosed to the outside world for 50 years. Even after this time limit, it can only be accessed by professionals studying the Nobel Prize. Each Nobel Prize awarding organization places great emphasis on its strict independence. Even the Swedish and Norwegian governments cannot exert any influence on the selection results.
In accordance with Nobel's will, the Physics Prize and the Chemistry Prize are evaluated by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Physiology or Medicine Prize is evaluated by the Royal Karolinska Institute of Sweden, the Literature Prize is evaluated by the Swedish Academy, and the Peace Prize is evaluated by the Norwegian Academy of Sciences. Selected by the Nobel Committee. In 1968, the Economics Prize was added, with the bonus provided by the Swedish Central Bank and entrusted to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for evaluation. The Swedish Academy, which is responsible for assessing the Nobel Prize in Literature, was first established in 1786. It is a national academy with the purpose of maintaining and developing Swedish literature and writing. 18 lifelong academicians form the Nobel Prize Jury, which publicly announces the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature on a Thursday in October every year. According to ancient tradition, the number of academicians who withdraw from the Faculty of Arts will not be added, and new academicians will only be added after the death of the current academician. On October 11, 2005, Professor Knuts Anlund, an academician of the Swedish Academy and a judge of the Nobel Prize for Literature, wrote an article in Svenska Dagbladet published that day announcing his withdrawal from the Swedish Academy because of his comments on the 2004 Literary Prize Jury. It was dissatisfied with the selection of Austrian female writer Elfriede Jelinek as the winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Each Nobel Prize-awarding unit has a committee composed of five people responsible for the selection process. This committee is held every three years. The selection process and principles are:
Recommend candidates. Recommenders must have certain qualifications. They must be: former Nobel Prize winners, members of the Nobel Prize Jury, specially designated university professors, invited professors of the Nobel Prize Jury, and presidents of representative writers associations (Literary Prize ), members of certain international conferences and organizations (Peace Prize), members of parliaments and cabinet members of various countries (Peace Prize). No one can recommend themselves as a winner. The Swedish and Norwegian governments have no right to interfere in the selection of the Nobel Prize and cannot express support or opposition to the recommended candidates. The work of recommending candidates ends before February 1 of each year, and the recommender submits the recommendation report to the relevant selection agency around September. The selection committee will announce the selection results in mid-October after discussing the candidates' achievements. The evaluation of candidates by various Nobel Prize selection committees is conducted in secret.
From September each year to January 31 of the following year, candidates recommended for various Nobel Prizes are accepted. Usually 1,000-2,000 candidates are recommended each year.
Starting from February 1st, the various Nobel Prize committees will screen and review the recommended candidates, and the work status will be kept strictly confidential. By September, the winners in each field have been basically determined, and then the jury will convene a meeting to make a formal decision.
In the second week of October, this year’s Nobel Prize winner is selected. The election results will be announced and the winners will be notified immediately.
December 10th is the anniversary of Nobel’s death. On this day, the Nobel Prize awarding ceremonies were held in Stockholm and Oslo (Peace Prize) respectively. In Sweden, the king awards the prize to the winner.