Small steam engine in the history of modern mechanical engineering

1765, he made an experimental small steam engine with a separate condenser, affirmed the superiority of the separate condenser, and obtained the patent of "a new method to reduce steam and fuel consumption of heat engines" in 1769. 1776, two steam engines jointly manufactured by Watt and Bolton began to operate; 178 1 year, watt obtained the patent of double-acting steam engine. By 1804, the steam engine was widely used as the production power in British cotton textile industry.

By the middle of19th century, the internal combustion engine came out. The first internal combustion engine actually used in the factory was a gas engine made by Lenova in 1860, and its basic structure was similar to that of the steam engine at that time.

1862, Rosa of France put forward the basic principle of four-stroke cycle; 1876, Otto built a four-stroke reciprocating piston single-cylinder horizontal gas engine, which is more efficient and more powerful than the gas engine in lenoir. 1878, a two-stroke internal combustion engine was manufactured in Clark, England; 1892, German diesel engine put forward the principle of compression ignition internal combustion engine, which made an important contribution to improving the thermal efficiency of internal combustion engine. 1897, he made the first compression-ignition internal combustion engine (diesel engine), which used liquid fuel and worked according to the four-stroke principle, and its thermal efficiency was higher than that of any internal combustion engine at that time. The speed of early compression ignition internal combustion engine was relatively low. After entering the 20th century, the speed of internal combustion engine began to increase greatly.

With the invention of generators and motors, the world began to enter the electrical age. With the rapid rise of central power station, high-power and high-speed steam turbines came into being. 1882, the first single-stage impulse steam turbine was manufactured in Laval, Sweden.

The first steam turbine with practical significance was 1884 multistage reactive steam turbine made by Parsons, England. It uses the reaction principle to make the turbine rotate, but the power is only 7.5 kilowatts. Soon, he made each 1000 kw steam turbine for power generation; 1896, several single-stage impulse turbines were connected in series in Latour, France, to form a multi-stage impulse turbine; In the same year, Curtis of the United States also obtained the invention patent of steam turbine. He supplied the kinetic energy of steam to two rows of moving blades in two parts, so the rotation speed was lower than that of Laval's single-stage impulse turbine. The further development of steam turbine is to combine shock and reaction to improve the performance of steam turbine.

Although the hydraulic turbine is an ancient hydraulic machinery, it is a modern thing to develop into a high-efficiency and high-power machine, which can meet the needs of large-scale industrial production. /kloc-in the 1950s of 0/8, the Swiss Yule began to test the reactive turbine. 1827, French engineer Fourneyron successfully tested a reactive turbine that can produce 6 horsepower; 1832 has been able to manufacture a 50 HP turbine; 1838, Haute invented the centripetal flow turbine; Francis of America designed Francis turbine around 1849, and made great improvement on the turbine.