Flight technical problems of Boeing 777 aircraft

Boeing 777 family is a complete aircraft series, which is favored by passengers and airlines all over the world. The market-leading 777 series includes six models: five passenger aircraft models with point-to-point direct flights and the ability to bypass crowded and busy hub airports, and 1 cargo aircraft models. The design of the 777 is driven by the market, which ensures that this aircraft meets the needs of the market and customers. The uniqueness of this aircraft series lies in its fuel efficiency, spacious cabin, range capability, * * * * connectivity and reliability. Among medium-sized aircraft, the 777 has the largest payload and range capacity, the greatest growth potential, and the lower operating cost. Full range of aircraft-covering a wider market range, and * * * spreading more strongly. Since 1995 was put into operation in June, Boeing has expanded the 777 family to include five passenger aircraft models and 1 cargo aircraft models. This kind of aircraft series, which can cover the market more widely and is more versatile, has benefited airlines a lot. Under the three-class cabin layout, Boeing 777 can carry 30 1 to 368 passengers, and the range can reach 5235 nautical miles (9695 km) to 9450 nautical miles (17500 km). Boeing 777-200 can carry 305 passengers and the range can reach 5235 nautical miles (9695 kilometers). The 777-300 can carry 368 passengers and the voyage can reach 60 15 nautical miles (1135 km). 777-200ER (extended range type) can carry 30 1 person, and the voyage can reach 7700 nautical miles (14260 km). Not long ago, Boeing introduced two new long-range aircraft, which provided greater flexibility for airlines to open direct flights to meet the needs of passengers. In May 2004, Boeing delivered the first 777-300ER (extended range), which can carry 365 passengers and has a voyage of 7930 nautical miles (14685 km). In February 2006, Boeing delivered the first 777-200LR (long-range model), which can carry 30 1 passenger with a voyage of 9380 nautical miles (17370 km). 777-200LR is the longest civil aircraft in the world, which can connect any two cities in the world. In May 2005, Boeing launched the 777 cargo plane project. Based on the 777-200LR, the 777 cargo plane has a range of 4,885 nautical miles (9,045 kilometers) under the condition of full load and normal density in the freight market-becoming the most powerful double cargo plane in the world. Wing design The advanced wing design of Boeing 777 makes the wingspan reach199 ft11in (60.9 m). Compared with competing aircraft, this design improves the cruising speed of the aircraft, increases the climbing ability and cruising altitude of the aircraft, and enables the aircraft to take off and land in many high altitude and hot areas under full load. The wings of Boeing 777-200LR (long range type) and Boeing 777-300ER (extended range type) are equipped with 6.5-foot-long inclined winglets, which improve the overall aerodynamic performance of the wings. Oblique winglets help to shorten takeoff and taxiing distance, improve climbing performance and reduce fuel consumption. Double-engine design-three engine manufacturers, with high fuel efficiency, quiet and reliable, developed a turbofan engine with higher efficiency and less noise for Boeing 777. GE provides GE90 series engines, Rolls-Royce provides 800 (Trent 800 series engines, Pratt & Whitney provides PW4000 series engines. GE is the only engine supplier for long-range 777 and cargo planes, providing GE90- 1 15B and GE90-1/0b engines. All three engines have excellent fuel efficiency. The excellent performance of the engine is mainly due to the adoption of a new type of large-caliber wide-chord fan blade design and the Gao Han-to-channel ratio of 6: 1 to 9: 1. In contrast, the engine bypass ratio of the previous two-channel aircraft was usually 5: 1. The lighter Boeing 777 aircraft uses a large number of new structural materials with light weight and low cost, thus reducing the total weight of the aircraft and improving the fuel efficiency of the 777. For example, the improved 7055 aluminum alloy is used for the skin and stringer of the upper wing, which has greater compressive strength than other alloys, can also reduce the weight of the aircraft, and its corrosion resistance and fatigue resistance are also improved. Remarkable progress has been made in the development and production of lighter advanced composite materials on Boeing 777 aircraft. Carbon fiber reinforced resin materials are used for vertical and horizontal tails. The floor beam of the engine room is also made of these advanced composite materials. Composite materials are also used in auxiliary structures such as fairings. Composite materials (including resin and adhesive) account for 9% of the structural weight of Boeing 777 aircraft. 777 uses the same composite material as 787. Cockpit and Aircraft System According to the needs of airlines, the display screen of Boeing 777 cockpit adopts a horizontal layout similar to that of 747-400. Main flight, navigation and engine information are displayed on six large display screens. Although the functions of these displays are similar to those of traditional cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, they are only half as thick as CRT displays due to advanced liquid crystal display (LCD) technology. In addition to saving space, the new monitor is lighter and consumes less power, which helps to improve reliability and prolong service life. At the same time, because less heat is generated, there is no need to use bulky and complicated air conditioning equipment to cool the instrument. The pilot reported that the new display can still be clearly displayed in all kinds of conditions, even in direct sunlight. Three multifunctional control and display devices (CDU) installed on the central console provide data display and information input functions for flight management, and are the main interfaces of the Integrated Aircraft Information Management System (AIMS). These monitors have changed their colors according to market requirements. Adding colors can make pilots read information faster. Aircraft information management system provides flight and maintenance personnel with information about the general situation, maintenance requirements and main operating functions of aircraft, such as flight, thrust and communication. Through the fly-by-wire control system, the pilot will enhance the control instructions through the computer and directly transmit them to the hydraulic actuators on the control surfaces such as elevators, rudders and ailerons. Compared with the traditional wire rope mechanical system, this three-axis fly-by-wire control system can reduce the weight, simplify the assembly procedure, reduce spare parts and reduce the maintenance workload of airlines. The key of Boeing 777 system is ARINC629 bidirectional digital data bus, which is a patented product of Boeing Company and has been regarded as a new industrial standard. It uses twisted-pair wires to connect various systems of aircraft with computers. This further simplifies installation, reduces weight, and improves reliability by reducing the number of wires and connectors. There are 1 1 ARINC629 channels on Boeing 777. Boeing 777 is the first Boeing aircraft to use EGPWS as standard equipment instead of optional equipment. The enhanced near-ground warning system can display the terrain that may pose a threat to the aircraft and give an audible warning 1 minute before the possible collision. The previous equipment can only give an alarm 10- 15 seconds in advance. In this system, there is a digital topographic map, which is constantly compared with the aircraft position displayed by the navigation system, further improving flight safety. The cockpit of Boeing 777-300ER and 777-300 is equipped with a ground moving camera system (GMCS), which can display images of the front landing gear and the main landing gear, thus helping pilots to operate Boeing 777-300 on the ground. Cameras are located at the front edges of the left and right horizontal stabilizers and under the fuselage, and are used for aircraft ground control. Images are displayed on the multi-function display in the cockpit in three different ways. Boeing's iconic interior-the first choice for passengers Boeing 777 aircraft not only has the most spacious cabin, but also its internal structure provides unparalleled layout flexibility for airlines. According to the requirements of airlines, designers have designed flexible use areas in the cabin (mainly in the positions of several doors of the aircraft), pre-arranged wires, pipes and connecting devices, and kitchens and toilets can be placed anywhere in these areas. The passenger service device and overhead luggage compartment can be quickly disassembled without affecting the top of the cabin, air conditioning ducts or supporting structures. Therefore, it only takes 72 hours to change the cabin layout of Boeing 777, while it may take two to three weeks to make the same change on other aircraft. The large luggage compartment above the head provides more storage space for passengers, and the luggage doors at the outside and in the middle are designed to open downwards, which is convenient for luggage access. After closing, it is completely consistent with the cabin roof, maintaining a streamlined cabin structure and having enough overhead space. In order to provide better and more efficient aviation services for airlines, Boeing 777 is equipped with advanced cabin management system. The cabin management system is connected with the computer console, which can help flight attendants complete many tasks and enable airlines to provide passengers with new services, including digital sound systems comparable to the most advanced home stereo or CD player. For a long time, the questionnaire survey of long-haul passengers shows that these passengers prefer to travel by 777 compared with other models. Landing gear The main landing gear of Boeing 777 adopts a standard double-column device, which is a six-wheel landing gear instead of the commonly used four-wheel landing gear. In this way, the main landing gear has 12 wheels, so that the weight distribution is more uniform on the runway and taxiway, avoiding installing an auxiliary two-wheeled landing gear under the center of the fuselage. The landing gear of Boeing 777 is the largest landing gear ever used by civil aircraft. The long-range Boeing 777 adopts a new and improved landing gear. Because the 777-300ER has a long fuselage, a new type of semi-rocker landing gear is adopted, which enables it to take off at airports with limited runway length. High quality and high reliability Compared with previous jet planes, the new design and testing methods ensure that Boeing 777 has the highest reliability. Today's Boeing 777 operators have achieved 99% dispatch reliability, which is unparalleled in the whole industry. A design and manufacturing team composed of representatives of aircraft developers, suppliers and airline customers from different disciplines worked with Boeing Company to design the structure and system of Boeing 777. The first 777 aircraft in history was put into operation on June 7th, 1995. So far, 777 has flown more than 2 million times. There are 3 million parts on a 777 aircraft, which are provided by more than 900 suppliers in 7 countries around the world. In 2004, Boeing delivered the 500th 777 aircraft, which is the fastest dual-channel civil aircraft in aviation history. 1996 February 15, the American National Aviation Association awarded the 777 aircraft the world's most famous "Robert? 6? 1 collier trophy "(Robert J. collier trophy), 777 aircraft selected 1995 the most outstanding aviation achievement. 777 can cruise at 43 100 feet. In the design process of 777, Boeing engineers not only used computers for design for the first time, but also used computers for electronic simulation pre-assembly of aircraft. Before the flight test, the new experimental facility comprehensively tested the aircraft systems by simulating flight conditions, which further ensured the smooth flight test and delivery. The landing gear of the 777 is the largest landing gear ever used by a civil aircraft. Each main landing gear of the 777 adopts a six-wheel landing gear, while the front landing gear adopts a two-wheel device, which makes the weight distribution on the runway and taxiway more uniform. The American Institute of Industrial Designers awarded the "Industrial Design Excellence Award" to the cabin design of Boeing 777 in 1992, and again awarded the "Industrial Design Excellence Award" to the cockpit design of Boeing 777 in 1993. On June 9, 2005,165438+1October 9-10, a Boeing 777-200LR global plane set a world record for the long-distance nonstop flight of civil aircraft. This 777-200LR (long-range model) took off from Hong Kong and flew eastward. Fly 1 1, 664 nautical miles (2 1, 601km) for 22 hours and 42 minutes, and arrive at London Heathrow Airport. This achievement has been recognized by American National Aviation Association, International Aviation Federation and Guinness World Records. 1In April, 1997, the International Aviation Federation recognized Boeing 777 as the record with the highest speed and distance among aircraft of the same size and class. The 777 aircraft set a record of "non-stop in a big circle", with a range of 10823 nautical miles (20044 kilometers), and set a record of "flying eastward around the earth", with an average speed of 553 miles (889 kilometers). 777-200LR (long-range aircraft) is the longest-range civil aircraft in the world. In 2000, it was listed in the list of 100 by Popular Science. Machnow Pfeiffer, the soul of the band "Straits of Terror", sang about the 777 airplane in a song. This song is included in the album "Sailing for Philadelphia". There is a kind of rose called "777", which is the first time that the rose is named after an airplane model. This kind of rose is dark purple with citrus fragrance, which was cultivated by an independent nursery in the west of Olympia, Washington. 1on may 30th, 995, 777 became the first aircraft in aviation history to be approved by FAA for 180-minute extended range flight (ETOPS). On this day, Boeing 777 equipped with Pratt & Whitney engine was awarded 180 minutes extension flight by FAA. The 777 aircraft has experienced the most extensive flight test project in the history of civil aircraft. * * * Nine planes took part in the flight test, flying 4900 times * * * more than 7000 hours. During the design of the 777 project, the whole network shared *** 1, 847,930,000,000 bytes of production data. Today, the operator of the 777 aircraft enjoys a dispatch reliability rate as high as 99%, which is the highest dispatch reliability rate among the dual-channel aircraft currently in service. The 777 aircraft adopts a different flight control system from other Boeing models. Boeing 777 aircraft is designed by telex technology, rather than relying on cables to move ailerons, elevators and rudders. Therefore, the 777 aircraft uses wires to transmit electronic signals sent by pilots through joysticks and pedals to the main flight computer. The volume of 777-300 can reach about 50,000 square feet, and the volume of 777-200 can reach 40,000 square feet. A light 777 aircraft can accelerate from 0 to 60 miles per hour (96 kilometers per hour) in 6 seconds.