/kloc-during the period from the end of 0/9 to the beginning of the 20th century, scientific progress has made great progress, especially for invisible atoms, molecules, gases and temperatures, and some achievements have been made. Like other times, there were some puzzling phenomena at that time, and if necessary, metaphysics was used. European thought at that time seemed to be more lively and unrestrained than it is now.
1887, American scientists Michelson and Molly tried to measure how the speed of light would change when there was movement relative to the ether. Because the speed of light is very fast, it can reach a fast and stable speed on the earth at that time, which is the speed of the earth's rotation. So they designed an interferometer, hoping to measure the change of sunlight speed in an extremely accurate way at the speed of the earth's rotation, that is, in the case of relative motion with the ether.
Unexpectedly, no matter what direction the interferometer moves relative to the sun, the interference fringes caused by sunlight do not change, that is, the speed of sunlight is the same. This is different from what was expected at that time, just like the result that the frequency of the bell will increase when the big clock runs past. Because the interferometer measurement is very accurate, all parties have to believe this measurement result, but how to explain this phenomenon really hurts the brains of the masters.
Einstein was born in 1879 and was only 8 years old in 1887. Of course, he is not qualified to talk about it, and he doesn't even know the science of physics. However, when he was 26 years old, he had published a special article to explain this problem. Although no one dared to accept his theory at that time, we have to admit that his statement does have academic value. Why he has such ability at a young age depends on his thinking mode and academic spirit.
Talk to teenagers
Einstein didn't speak until he was over two years old, which worried his family. However, after his sister was born, he was able to speak normal children's language, which made his family feel relieved. My grades in primary school were mediocre, but I gradually couldn't stand the teacher's paying too much attention to problem-solving skills when teaching physical chemistry in senior one, and often used simple technical steps to solve complex problems. Einstein can't accept this way. Every time he meets a topic, he should start from the most primitive starting point and push the performance result step by step.
Some math teachers can accept him, but most physics teachers describe him as "stupid". The reason why the math teacher can accept him may be that although he takes a long time to solve the problem, he can solve the problems that his classmates can't handle step by step. In addition, he is not good at learning memory courses, so he can only participate in the "Cowherd Class" equivalent to junior high school performance evaluation.
Einstein in his youth
With the growth of age, in addition to the education system endured as a teenager, there is also Prussian-style teacher authority, which makes him want to escape. At that time, in order to reduce costs, Germany's science and technology industry has shown a trend of transferring abroad. Einstein's father ran a motor factory, so Einstein naturally came into contact with electromagnetism. Although my physical performance is not good, I can still reach the upper-middle level. Under the influence of the environment, 1893' s father's factory moved to Italy to reduce costs. Although the factory moved to Italy, Einstein was still left in Munich, hoping that he could absorb more scientific and technological knowledge.
1at the end of 894, he couldn't stand Munich any longer, so he managed to get a diagnosis of "on the verge of mental breakdown" and prepared to escape from the area under the influence of Prussian spirit. The problem is that he had not graduated from middle school at that time, and even if he fled Germany, he could not enter another country's university. /kloc-under the age of 0/6, he asked a math teacher who loved him to give him a "special talent certificate in mathematics". After leaving Germany, he went to Italy first, and his father was surprised by his sudden return to China. I soon learned that the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich did not list the diploma as a necessary document for the exam, so I applied for it on 1895.
He did well in math and physics, but subjects that need to be memorized, such as Chinese and history, failed to meet the basic requirements. At that time, there was a famous professor of electromagnetism, Weber, who tried to make an exception and admit him. However, the dean of the Institute of Technology suggested that he go to Aru, 30 kilometers west of Zurich, and enter the state college first to make up for the courses that the Institute of Technology lacked.
Aru is a Swiss state, which is equivalent to a county in Taiwan Province province, and the state college is equivalent to a pre-university college. 1895, Einstein failed in the entrance examination of Institute of Technology, and he followed the dean's advice to study in Aru State College.
This college inherits the idea of an educator and pays special attention to "visual image". The so-called "visual image" refers to being able to convert words and symbols into graphics in your mind before you really understand them. For example, it is not enough to substitute or prove the acceleration equation, but also to be able to imagine it in your mind, just like watching the train leave the station. This made Einstein not only accustomed to mathematical deduction, but also developed an ability to engage in experiments with ideas and concepts. 1896 re-entered the Federal Institute of Technology.
During Einstein's time at the Institute of Technology
First, he passed the graduation examination of the state college, and then he took the entrance examination of the Federal Institute of Technology aboveboard. He almost got full marks in math and physics, but he still didn't perform well in the courses that needed to be memorized. Fortunately, his excellent performance in mathematics and science enabled him to pass the entrance examination.
After entering the Institute of Technology, he felt that the course was too easy, so he skipped classes and taught himself at home, read the works and papers of the masters, and learned their way of thinking and profound deduction skills. As he didn't go to class, he had to know the content of the course to prepare for the exam. Fortunately, one of his good classmates arranged the syllabus for him, and then met him in the cafe to discuss with each other. There are not many university exams in Europe, and most universities only take 1 ~ 2 times a year, but the way of the exam is spoken English, and students who are not fully prepared will be frightened. As a result of a cross-sectional exam, Einstein won the first place and his good friend won the second place, which proved that he had a solid foundation in his study.
His work style dissatisfied the tolerant and narrow professors. Imagine that there are only a few students in a class, and one of them hardly comes to class, but his grades are not bad after the exam. Everyone must know who this person is. What I don't really appreciate about him is Professor Weber who originally advocated exceptional admission. Einstein 1900 graduated, and all the students in the same group, except Einstein, were hired as assistant professors to stay in school. Einstein knew in his heart that Weber was obstructing him. In addition, he also asked professors from European universities for teaching assistant positions, all of which ended in failure. Only then did he know how influential Weber was. -(Ha ha! Don't offend the teacher. What a tragic death! )
Finally, with the help of a good classmate, whose father is a good friend of the director of the patent office, this classmate strongly recommended Einstein to his father and asked the director of the patent office to give Einstein an interview. The interview was very successful, and Einstein entered the patent office as a third-class technical expert in the spring of 1902. The cases he handled are mainly generator patent applications, which is his specialty. This work has freed up a lot of time and energy for him to study physics. -remember to find like-minded people! )
The biggest puzzle in physics at that time was Michelson-Morey experiment, and Einstein's breakthrough point was "time". For example, there are two people. One person's coordinate system is O(x, y, z, t), and the other person's coordinate system is O'(x', y', z', t'). One of them ran east, while the other stayed where he was. The onlookers ordered two people to turn on the flash at the same time at a certain point. But because there is a person running to the east, he is getting closer and closer to the audience in the east, so we will intuitively think that they will see the runner's flash from west to east first.
Readers, how can I convert the time when they saw the signal to make sure that these two people really turned on the flash at the same time as promised? Einstein who entered the patent office had enough time to think about this problem. As a result, people in the east and others saw these two kinds of lights flashing at the same time, which supported the Michelson-Morey experiment.
restricted theory of relativity
Einstein finally found the conversion formula between O' and O. After using this conversion formula, everyone realized that they really turned on the flash at the same time. But T in O'(x', y', z', t') and T in O(x, y, z, t) are "relative", in other words, it is related to the relative speed between coordinate systems, which is the spirit of "Relativity"-space and time coordinates are relative.
In other words, when there is a relative velocity between O' and O, 1 sec is needed in the O coordinate system. If someone in the coordinate system can see O' tied to another person's watch, they will find that the time indicated by the watch is less than 1 second, which means his watch is a little slow. This result shows that time coordinates and space coordinates are also "relative". At that time, it was generally believed that the two tables were synchronous, that is to say, the time was "absolute".
Einstein's coordinate transformation formula, which is easy to find in physics books, is called Lorentz transformation formula, which can solve the mystery of Michelson-Morey experiment. Why did the name Lorenz appear? It turns out that this transformation formula was first derived by Lorenz. He believes that the electromagnetic formula should have the same form in two coordinate systems with uniform relative motion. Based on this requirement, he derived a set of coordinate transformation formulas.
Einstein worked hard and found that his transformation formula was the same as Lorenz's. It's just that Lorenz thought that T and T' were "relative" at first, which was quite different from the concept that "time" was "absolute" at that time, so he was not sure whether his transformation formula was correct. Einstein thought this transformation was absolutely correct, so later generations attributed the theory of relativity to Einstein and named this transformation "Lorenz transformation". This achievement made Einstein believe that the universe should obey some unified law. The special theory of relativity was published in 1905, but no one dared to say whether it was right or wrong for a while. Smart is a scientist, but it is important to have enough time and time to publish it. Just as Edison registered the patent right earlier, it will not only benefit the world, but also make him a millionaire from generation to generation. The management and mastery of time is remarkable. )