It should be: Karl Benz 1844- 1929 According to the authoritative statement in Ci Hai, "Cars are self-propelled trackless vehicles mainly used for transportation. Originally called "automatic car", because it is equipped with a gasoline engine, it is called automobile for short. "Modern Chinese Dictionary" explains that "an automobile is a vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine, which mainly travels on roads or highways, and usually has four or more rubber tires. Used to transport people or goods. "But this definition of a car is not rigorous. Motorcycles are also self-driving, trackless and use gasoline engines; Second, tractors also use internal combustion engines, which are trackless and have four or more wheels; Third, in the past, steam locomotives used external combustion engines; Fourth, today's cars can also use natural gas, gas, methanol and other fuels, not to mention solar cars, electric cars and so on. Therefore, there are some limitations in the current explanation of automobile, so it is necessary to explore it to reflect the characteristics of automobile scientifically. We believe that the following factors must be considered when defining a car: First, the emergence and development of a car. The emergence and development of automobiles have experienced more than 200 years of history. Cars in different periods have different structural characteristics, and the types and uses of cars are changing with each passing day. Second, based on the original intention of the car. The automobile originated in the west, and should be defined according to the original intention of the western language and the automobile in the modern sense. The English word "Automobile" consists of "auto" and "Mobif can move", which is the origin of "Automobile", which means that it can move by itself, that is, an automatic car; Third, cars are different from other similar machines. In the definition of automobile, all features of similar machinery should not be completely covered. Let's analyze this problem from the appearance and development of steam locomotives. 1. Cars driven by steam engines Since ancient times, people have always used human and animal power as the power source of vehicles, and later developed into wind turbines using natural forces. With the development of machinery industry, some people have made pulley cars and clockwork cars. However, these vehicles are not recognized by the world because of their lack of use value. /kloc-in the middle of the 8th century, the appearance of Watt steam engine became the fuse of the first industrial revolution in Europe, which laid the foundation for the birth of steam locomotive. 1769, N·JCUGNOT, a French engineer and army artillery captain, made the world's first front tricycle powered by a steam engine (title map). At that time, the main purpose of making this kind of car was to tow artillery. The car body is made of wood and supported by three huge wheels. The front wheel diameter is1.28m, and the rear wheel diameter is1.5m. There is a pear-shaped boiler at the front and two cylinders with the volume of 1 1 gallon behind the boiler. The steam generated by the boiler is sent to two cylinders to drive two pistons to move. The force generated by the piston movement is transmitted to the front wheel through a simple crankshaft, and the front wheel drives the whole vehicle to run. Although the car looks heavy, it is poorly made and inefficient. But it uses mechanical power to realize automatic driving, that is, "automation" in the modern sense, which can be said to be a historic leap. Taking this as a starting point, by the end of 18, European countries and the United States have successively produced steam locomotives with more extensive uses, such as carrying materials and transporting personnel, and the structure of the car body has been greatly improved. By the middle of19th century, the steam locomotive was in its heyday (this article refers to the highway steam locomotive). Therefore, steam locomotives play an important role in the history of human transportation. Compared with modern cars, steam locomotives are self-driven, independent of tracks and stringing, equipped with wheels, and can run on roads. The difference is that it is powered by an external internal combustion engine. However, both external combustion and internal combustion belong to the category of engines, but in different forms. It can be seen that from the perspective of power source, no matter what fuel is used, as long as it is driven by itself, it already has the basic conditions for a car. Therefore, a steam locomotive can be called an automobile. Second, the car driven by internal combustion engine 1885, German engineer karl benz made the world's first modern car "Mercedes-Benz 1" (Figure 2), and obtained the patent right. The car is equipped with three wheels, solid rubber tires, a small wheel in front and two big wheels in the back; A single-cylinder four-stroke gasoline engine is installed between two rear wheels; The power generated by the engine is transmitted to the rear axle with differential through the gear and chain mechanism, and the driving direction is controlled by the joystick. In order to improve the comfort of passengers, a leaf spring suspension is installed between the frame and the axle, which makes it more characteristic of modern cars. Taking the internal combustion engine as the driving force can make the car body light, with high degree of automation and labor-saving operation. At the same time, the automobile industry has been sublimated in technology and concept. The word "car" is a foreign word. The word "automobile" has no meaning of internal combustion engine, external combustion engine or fuel, let alone gasoline. Its original meaning is "self-driving" Therefore, the definition of a car, as mentioned above, is inevitably one-sided. Third, different fuels and cars with different uses coexist. 1898, Frenchman Diesel exhibited his diesel internal combustion engine for the first time at the Munich exhibition, challenging the dominance of gasoline vehicles. In the same year, American Aldorf Bush successfully built the world's first diesel vehicle. The appearance of diesel vehicles broadens the way for people to develop automobile fuel. With the development of automobile manufacturing and the progress of science and technology, scientists have developed automobiles powered by natural gas, gas and methanol, as well as electric energy and solar energy. The successful development of these vehicles powered by different fuels and different forms of energy not only broke the conceptual framework of automobiles powered by gasoline, but also broke the view that automobiles powered by "internal combustion engines". With the development and utilization of new energy, the automobile family has been growing and used more and more widely, and a variety of power machinery has been derived, which has made the automobile form a beautiful scene in people's minds. Such as sprinklers, fire engines, engineering vehicles, large flat-bed transport vehicles, snow sweepers, dump trucks and vehicles undertaking various military tasks (Figure 3). Although these cars are varied, colorful and have different uses, they are all derived from the instinct of transportation. According to the definition of western "cars" when they first appeared, they should all belong to the category of "automatic cars". Motorcycle is a transliteration of English motorcycle. The motor is the engine, and the cycle is Run Faster and Faster 1999 published by Jiangsu Children's Publishing House. There are two kinds of three-wheeled motorcycles, one is a side three-wheeled motorcycle with a side bucket with wheels added to a high-powered two-wheeled motorcycle; The other is a three-wheeled motorcycle, with one wheel in the front and two wheels in the rear. This shows that motorcycles are made by adding engines to the body of bicycles or similar bicycles. Its frame is quite different from that of a car. Tricycle is developed from two-wheeled motorcycle. Although it belongs to the category of "automatic car", it is not a "car". Tractor is a kind of agricultural machinery, and its use is separated with the development of automobile industry. Before 1970s, tractors were everywhere on the roads in cities and villages. People regarded them as important means of transportation and agricultural machinery, which was more common in China. It can be seen from the use that tractors are not cars. However, compared with cars, tractors have obvious differences in overall structure. The body of a car is inseparable. Except for a few models, such as large flat-bed transport vehicles, the cab and carriage of other vehicles are either integrated or fixed on a frame. Compared with cars, the tractor's body is semi-shaped, and the middle is connected flexibly. The cab and carriage can't be installed integrally, so the driving wheel is large and the driven wheel is small. Therefore, tractors also belong to the category of "automatic cars", but they are not "cars". To sum up, cars belong to a developing family in the category of "automatic transmission cars", and cars in different periods have different technical performance and structural characteristics. Automobile is a wheeled vehicle driven by its own power, independent of track and stringing, with four or more wheels, and the cab and carriage are integrated or fixed on the same frame, which can run on the road, as well as trackless automatic vehicles with other special uses derived from it. It is not easy to give an accurate definition of a car, but it must be admitted that a car is a public thing and belongs to the whole world. It is the responsibility of all autobots to give it a veritable explanation. Just as there will only be a few big car companies left in the world, there will only be a few brands left in ultra-luxury cars. Because only large companies have the manpower, material resources and financial resources to develop and produce cars for very few people. The future four kings of Germany and even the world will be Hausi of Audi, Rolls-Royce of BMW, Maibakh of Mercedes-Benz and Bentley of Volkswagen. An important feature of these cars is that they are only sold to people with certain social status and status. Mercedes-Benz Maibakh not only has the longest body, but also has the highest status in German hearts. Almost since there was a car, its name has stood for luxury. Why do big companies have their own superstars? I don't mention other reasons here, just from the customer's car buying psychology. Everyone has his own taste. According to experience, everyone prefers certain brands of cars: people who drive mercedes benz c-class cars will buy S-class cars if they have more money, so what about driving S-class cars again? Without Maibakh, he might buy a Rolls Royce or other brands. Mercedes-Benz S-Class cars sell tens of thousands of cars every year. If one percent of customers become "rich", they need hundreds of Maibakh cars, and their profits are equivalent to selling tens of thousands of small cars. By the same token, most people who drive Audi A3 or A4 switch to Audi A6 or A8 when they have more money. Then A8 people are "rich" again? If there is no better Audi, he can only buy other brands. People who drive BMW 3 Series and 5 Series will definitely change to BMW 7 Series if they have more money. Then it is inconceivable that there is no BMW more advanced than the 7 Series, so BMW bought a Rolls-Royce. BMW is the most expensive: After Rolls-Royce acquired British Rolls-Royce, BMW will launch a new top luxury station wagon in 2003, which includes BMW 7 Series high-tech technology. The engine is 12 cylinder with 450 horsepower. The price is 750 thousand marks. Mercedes-Benz Supreme: Maibakh, forget all your car dreams, because the real luxury car has already appeared. Mercedes-Benz will produce Maibakh, the most luxurious RV in Germany. The price starts at 650,000 marks, and the V 12 engine has 476 horsepower. At present, the most expensive Mercedes-Benz RV is only 200,000 marks, so Mercedes-Benz does not intend to list it as a series product of Mercedes-Benz brand, but a separate brand and sell it separately. Audi General Manager: Haoxi Audi may launch the super-top luxury RV "Haoxi" on the basis of its top RV A8. "HORCH" means Audi in German, while "Audi" means "Horch" in Latin. Both of them mean "listening" in Chinese and are the names of the founders of Audi. It is estimated that "Hao Xi" will use V 12 twelve-cylinder engine, and use the same platform as A8, Volkswagen Bentley and other top cars. Volkswagen to China: Bentley Rolls-Royce and Bentley were originally two merged companies in Britain. After being acquired by BMW, Bentley was resold to Volkswagen. As a result, Volkswagen also bid farewell to the history of only producing Volkswagen and launched a top luxury RV belonging to German Volkswagen. The most expensive Mercedes-Benz S-Class car is only 220,000 marks, while the cheapest car in Maibakh is 650,000 marks. The huge space in the middle is reserved for Bentley, with an estimated value of 300,000 marks. It is said that Queen Elizabeth of the British royal family used to ride Rolls Royce, but now she rides Bentley. Forbes magazine, the top ten fastest production cars, recently announced the list of the fastest production cars in the US market. Champion: Ford's SSC Ultimate Aero supercar topped the list with a top speed of 273 mph (about 437 km/h). In contrast, the world's fastest passenger airliner Concorde took off at a speed of only 360 km/h Champion: SSC Ultimate Aero runner-up: Saleen S7 Twin Turbo runner-up: Bugatti Veyron (406km/h) fourth place: Koenigsegg CCR(388km/h) fifth place: Ferrari Enzo (350km/h) sixth place: Dodge. Kloc-0/0 (348 km) H) Seventh place: Zongda, pagani (345 It should be pointed out that 10 before the list of high-speed cars are all production cars. Hyundai Motor ■ Bulck coupe in America) ■ Tucker Torpedo in America ■ Dodye Caston Royal in America ■ Volvo PV 444 in Sweden ■ Austin in England (Austin-Healy Sprite MK.65438+) 0) ■ Renault 4CV in France ■ Victory Car in the former Soviet Union 1946 ■ Jaguar Mark convertible in England. 38+0947 ■ American Cadillac Coupe 62) 1947 ■ British Maurice Gage TC(MG TC Midget) 1947 ■ British MG brand ■ British Daimler Conquest Roadster 1. 948 ■ France 203 (Peugeot 203)/KOOC-0/948 ■ British Morris small mm convertible/KOOC-0/948 ■ American Ford Sportsman Coupe)/KOOC-0/948 ■ Italian Fiat. 500B (Fiat 500B) 1948 ■ Italian Fiat logo ■ British singer SM 1500 (singer SM 1500) 1949 ■ American Hudson Super Six) 1948 ■ France. Oen 2CV) 1949 ■ Italian Alfa Romeo SS 2500 (Alfa Romeo 6C2500SS "Villa d 'Este")1949 ■ British Jaguar XK 120 (Jaguar XK120)/Kloc-0. Mobile Dynamics "88") ■ Kaiser Pioneers) 195 1+0 years ■ Jaguar C 195 1 year ■ Goliath) 1952 ■ UK. R-type Europe) 1952 ■ Triumph TR2 in Britain 1953 ■ Panhard in France1953 ■ Mercedes-Benz 220 Cabriolet A 65438+ 0953 ■ Lloyd in Germany)1953 ■ 954 ■ Swedish Volvo Company logo and Volvo model trademark Lancia B24 light vehicle (Lancia B24 Spider) 1954 ■ Ford Thunderbird)1955 ■ Seamgar1955 ■ Fujitsu cab. 1955 ■ Mercedes-Benz 300SC roadster 1956 ■ German BMW company logo ■ German BMW 507(BMM 507) 1956 ■ American Buick Roadmaster) 1957. Ford Fallane 500 skyline 1957 ■ Jaguar XK 150 (Jaguar XK 150) 1957 ■ Ford EDSEL 1958 ■ Fiat 5008 ■ IAT 500d)/kloc.
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