(1911-) China modern scientist. Originally from Hangzhou, Zhejiang, he was born in Shanghai. Studying in America, engaged in rocket research under the guidance of Carmen, the founder of modern mechanics. After returning to China, 65438-0955 devoted himself to the establishment of China's mechanics and space industry.
Member of the Department of Mathematical Physics of China Academy of Sciences, researcher of the Institute of Mechanics, the first director, and the first director of the theoretical and applied mechanics Society of China. From 65438 to 0958, he served as the deputy director of the National Defense Science and Technology Committee of China People's Liberation Army, and did a lot of work for the scientific and technological development of our army.
He made pioneering contributions in many fields of mechanics. In aerodynamics, the similarity law of transonic flow is put forward, and the concept of hypersonic flow is put forward for the first time with Carmen, which provides a theoretical basis for aircraft to overcome thermal barrier and sound barrier in the early stage. Another example is the Carmen-Qian Xuesen formula used in the design of high subsonic aircraft.
In the late 1930s, together with Carmen, he proposed a new nonlinear instability theory for spherical shells and cylindrical shells. After returning home, he advocated that the macroscopic mechanical properties of matter should be determined from the microscopic laws of matter, named it Physical Mechanics, compiled a monograph, Lectures on Physical Mechanics, and organized forces to carry out research.
In terms of rocket and jet propulsion, he proposed and realized the use of rockets as boosters to shorten the take-off runway of aircraft, and did a series of pioneering work for long-range rocket propulsion. 1949, he first proposed the idea of a nuclear rocket.
In the early 1950s, he established a new discipline "Control" in Wiener, which lasted for several years, and then quickly developed into a new technical science-"Engineering Cybernetics". He also advocated the establishment of "systematics" on the basis of Bergfeld's "general system theory".
Therefore, he is not only an expert in mechanics and rockets, but also an advocate of many interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary disciplines, and put forward many new viewpoints on scientific system and scientific methodology.
Second, Madame Curie.
189 1 year, she went to Paris for further study and obtained two master's degrees. After finishing her studies, she planned to return to the motherland to serve the enslaved Polish people, but her acquaintance with the young French physicist pierre curie changed her plan. 1895, she married Pierre. 1897, she gave birth to a daughter, a future Nobel Prize winner.
Madame Curie noticed the research work of French physicist becquerel. Since Roentgen discovered X-ray, becquerel discovered another kind of "uranium ray" when he was checking a rare mineral "uranium salt", which his friends called Becquerel ray.
The ray discovered by Bekkerel aroused great interest of Madame Curie. Where does the energy of radiation come from? Madame Curie saw that no one in all laboratories in Europe had studied uranium rays in depth at that time, so she decided to enter this field.
At Pierre's repeated requests, the headmaster of the physics and chemistry school allowed Madame Curie to use a damp hut for physics and chemistry experiments. At the room temperature of 6 degrees Celsius, she devoted herself to the study of uranium salts.
Madame Curie received a strict advanced chemistry education. When studying uranium salt ore, she thinks there is no reason to prove that uranium is the only chemical element that can emit radiation. She determined the elements one by one according to Mendeleev's periodic law of elements. As a result, she soon discovered that another thorium compound can automatically emit rays, which are similar to uranium rays and have similar intensity.
Madame Curie realized that this phenomenon is not just the characteristics of uranium, and it must be given a new name. Madame Curie called it "radioactivity", and uranium, thorium and other substances with this special "radioactivity" function were called "radioactive elements".
Third, Yuan Longping.
Yuan Longping is an agricultural school teacher in a town in Hunan. Despite the poor working conditions, he devoted himself to scientific research. In addition to teaching every day, it is to cultivate high-yield varieties in experimental fields. In his experiment, he found that the natural hybrid rice had big ears and full grains, and high yield, but when it was planted again the next year, it degenerated and lost its advantage.
He wants to carry out an experiment to cultivate hybrid rice seeds that can maintain high yield. For this ideal, Yuan Longping spent a lot of energy, sometimes observing in the experimental field, even ignoring his own home. After 10 years of efforts, it was finally cultivated successfully.
The yield per mu of this hybrid rice is over 65,438+0,000 kg. After the nationwide promotion, the rice output in China increased by 1 000 billion kilograms in a few years, which is really a leap! Yuan Longping won the first National Special Invention Award. The United States and other countries also introduced his achievements. Known as the "father of hybrid rice", he fought a turnaround to change the backward state of grain production in China.
Fourth, Einstein
1March, 87914th, Einstein was born in Ulm, eastern Germany, with Jewish descent. His father, Hailmann? Einstein was gifted in mathematics, but his parents didn't have the money for his education, so he had to give up his studies and go into business. Einstein's mother, the daughter of a wealthy grain merchant, was gifted in music.
Einstein began to learn music when he was young. At the age of six, he began to practice playing the violin. Music almost became Einstein's "second career", and violin accompanied him all his life. ?
Before Einstein went to school, his father gave him a compass (compass). The pointer of the compass always points to the North Pole and the South Pole, which fascinated Einstein for a long time. He remembered this impressive event until he became an adult. Another experience left a deep impression on him.
After a few years of school, he received a Euclidean geometry textbook, which proved many unquestionable axioms, which made him so curious that he could not learn according to the progress of the course, but learned it at one go. ?
Like Newton, Einstein was not precocious. He didn't speak until he was three years old, and he didn't act like a "child prodigy" during his whole study. He even looks mediocre and dull in the eyes of teachers. He is mainly dissatisfied with the teacher's rigid teaching methods, but he has strong independent and diligent exploration ability.
He taught himself basic mathematics including calculus and some theoretical physics knowledge in middle school. After entering the university, he often missed classes and studied classical theoretical physics and Maxwell's electromagnetic theory alone. ?
Einstein was open-minded and innovative. The creed of "doubting everything" runs through his whole scientific career. Of course, Einstein's outstanding scientific achievements came from his perseverance. Once, a young man asked Einstein the secret of his success, and Einstein wrote him a formula: A = X+Y+Z Y+Z.
He explained that A stands for success, X stands for your hard work and labor, Y stands for your interest in studying problems, and Z stands for less empty talk and modesty. Einstein famously said, "Scientific research is like drilling a board. Some people like to drill thin, and I like to drill thick. "
Verb (abbreviation for verb) Edison
1850, the Englishman Joseph Wilson Swan began to study electric lights. 1878, he obtained a British patent for a light bulb powered by carbon wire under vacuum, and started to set up a company in Britain to install electric lights in every household.
1874, two Canadian electrical technicians applied for a patent for electric lamps. They filled helium gas under the glass bubble, and the charged carbon rod would glow. But they didn't have enough financial resources to continue developing this invention, so they sold the patent to Edison at 1875.
Edison tried to improve the filament after buying the patent. 1879, he changed to carbon filament to make a light bulb, which successfully lasted 13 hours. By 1880, his carbonized bamboo filament bulb had been successfully maintained in the laboratory for 1200 hours. But in Britain, Swan sued Edison for patent infringement and won. Edison's electric light company in England was forced to make Swan a partner.
But later Swan sold his rights and patents to Edison. In America, Edison's patent has also been challenged. The United States Patent Office once ruled that his invention had a criminal record and was invalid. Finally, after years of litigation, Edison obtained the patent right of carbon filament incandescent lamp.