1 defect enumeration method
The method of enumerating shortcomings is a method refined from people's psychology of mentioning shortcomings. Especially for consumers and producers, because they have actually used these products, they have a better understanding of their shortcomings. When we usually use this method, we often comment on the products we see and use in our daily life.
For example, the development of mobile phones, after the launch of mobile phones, because the volume is too large, it is inconvenient to use, so small mobile phones were invented. At first, this kind of mobile phone only had the function of making phone calls, but in case of emergency, when no one answered the phone, it invented the function of sending text messages. With the progress of science and technology, people are constantly satisfied with the functions of existing mobile phones, and there are business mobile phones, smart phones, flip phones, slide phones, rotating phones, full keyboards and full screens.
When we use the defect enumeration method, we can use the following methods:
(1) survey method.
When listing shortcomings, you can think and analyze yourself, or you can ask others to make comments and shortcomings. This is the investigation method. Using this method, the questionnaire should be designed in advance. The design of the questionnaire should be clear in theme, clear in content, convenient and simple to fill in, and it is best to give priority to multiple-choice questions, with minimal or no short-answer questions, and easy to sort out and analyze.
(2) Contrast method.
When people use similar products, it is easy to see the gap between products and list the shortcomings of things. When using the comparison method, we must first determine the comparable reference objects. In the comparison, it is also necessary to determine the items to be compared, generally speaking, mainly the technical and economic comparison of function, performance, quality and price, to find out the shortcomings in the design, improve the design as soon as possible, and ensure the technological advancement of the products.
(3) enumerate the laws.
When holding this kind of enumeration meeting, we should first choose the people who will attend the shortcoming enumeration meeting. For example, in order to improve products, not only designers or operators of products should be invited, but also ordinary consumers who have used products should be invited to participate. Then we should create an atmosphere where people can speak their minds boldly. The more shortcomings you can list in the meeting, the better. The more detailed, the better.
For example, tables and chairs can list the following shortcomings: tables and chairs can not be adjusted with the height of people; For students who are too fat, standard chairs can't fit their figure; Tables and chairs are fixed on the ground, which is inconvenient to clean; Students throw garbage directly in the desk; Don't change the position of desks and chairs during group discussion or meeting; If you put both computers and books, the width of the desk is not enough; Tables and chairs are arranged in a whole row, as shown in Figure 7-3. If one of them is broken and difficult to maintain, it will also affect the use of nearby functions.
Figure 7-3 A row of tables and chairs
Using the method of enumerating shortcomings, the ultimate goal is to get rid of shortcomings and put forward innovation. Then, after listing the shortcomings, according to its influence degree and manifestation, we can improve the design of the scheme.
In people's habitual thinking, unconventional and unconventional things are generally considered as shortcomings. As long as they do not conform to the original design ideas or fail to achieve the expected goals, they will be called mistakes. Many successful examples of using shortcomings and mistakes contain an important truth: shortcomings and mistakes can also be used to find out what can be used and make other ideas.
Hope enumeration method
Hope is a certain purpose and effect that people expect to achieve, and it is a reflection of people's psychological needs. Hope is the expression of needs and the psychological desire of people. Needs can be divided into material needs and spiritual needs. Material needs, such as clothing, food, shelter, transportation and labor tools; Spiritual needs such as knowledge, art and moral cultivation. When we use hope enumeration method, we often use it together with defect enumeration method. Because the shortcomings will immediately arouse people's hopes and demands for products, so as to further improve and innovate.
For example, the philosopher Maslow divides needs into several levels: physiological needs, security needs, belonging and love needs, respect needs and self-realization needs. Physiological needs are the most basic needs and the lowest needs. In order to maintain their own survival and the continuation of the race, people must put forward requirements for clothing, food, shelter, transportation and sex, thus forming physiological needs. Safety demand is people's desire for personal safety and occupational safety. The needs of belonging and love are the needs of socialization, subordination or belonging, friendship and love. The fourth level of respect needs, including self-esteem, authority, status, reputation and other aspects of expectations and pursuits. The fifth level of self-realization needs reflects people's desire to pursue self-worth, such as being competent for work and achieving success.
For another example, taking the washing machine as the demand point, we can list new products such as double-cylinder washing machine (Figure 7-4), drum washing machine (Figure 7-5), washing machine mobile cart, power protector, washing powder with different functions (whitening, decontamination, disinfection and fragrance washing powder), classified laundry, washing machine cleaner and so on.
Figure 7-4 Double Washing Machine
Figure 7-5 Drum Washing Machine
When listing hopes, we should analyze and identify hope points, and distinguish between superficial needs and inner needs, practical needs and potential needs, general needs and special needs.
For example, the superficial needs of the disabled are convenience of life, but the inner needs are to look like ordinary people; Another example is the anti-theft safety at home, including anti-theft locks, anti-theft door locks, anti-theft doors and windows, home safes, home computer alarm systems, etc. For another example, the "multiple baby health care bed" is designed to meet special needs, not general needs, because for most families, the phenomenon of multiple births is rare.
3 feature enumeration method
The feature enumeration method was summarized by Professor Crawford, an American scholar, in the 1930s. First of all, we should list the main attributes of the research object, then analyze it in detail, and then discuss the possibility of reform or innovation. The most basic method is to decompose things into three aspects: noun characteristics (whole, part, material and manufacturing method), adjective characteristics (properties, such as color, shape, size and length) and verb characteristics (function, function and function).
Feature enumeration method belongs to the technology of innovating existing things, so after determining the object, we should analyze and understand the current situation of things and be familiar with their structure, working principle and application occasions. This paper lists the characteristics of nouns, adjectives and verbs, and then makes adjustments according to the viewpoint of repeated merger of contents and coordination and unity of contradictions. Then the train of thought is put forward according to the listed feature items, which is also the most important step in using feature enumeration method. Only by putting forward a new viewpoint in one of the three characteristics can we achieve the purpose of solving practical problems by methods.
For example, when a new viewpoint about kettle is put forward by feature enumeration method, you can think like this:
(1) Understand the existing kettle.
Observe the kettle to be innovated and understand its basic composition, working principle, performance and appearance characteristics.
(2) list the characteristics of the kettle.
① Noun features:
Overall: kettle;
Components: spout, handle, lid, body, bottom and air outlet;
Material: steel, aluminum, iron sheet, copper, enamel;
Manufacturing method: stamping, welding and molding.
② Adjective features:
Appearance: square, round, oval, polygon;
Color: beige, ivory white, black, gray.
③ Verb features:
Functions: boiling water, pouring water, keeping warm, replenishing water, etc.
4 Osborne checklist method
When Osborne checklist is used in product innovation design or new product series development, it should analyze the function, performance and market environment of the product.
Osborne's checklist includes the following nine questions:
(1) for other purposes. Are there any new uses for the existing things? Or can it be expanded with a little improvement? All kinds of products in the world have their specific functions. For example, quilts are used to keep warm, pens are used to write, and bricks are used to build houses, but these are actually common functions that people are used to, and the potential functions of these items are not that much. For example, cups with different amounts of water can be used as musical instruments, and bricks can be used as benches or sports equipment. Whether there are other uses is considered as the basic method of innovation and invention promotion.
(2) Can I borrow it? Can you borrow other experiences? Is there anything similar to the past? Can you imitate something? Can a product be derived from other new products, or can other products be used to imitate the product? Imitation is not simply copying, but finding the regularity from the phenomenon, making a second innovation on the basis of others' innovation, and developing better products. For example, in product imitation, when Sony developed a new type of "Beta Max" video recorder, Panasonic immediately analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of this video recorder, and combined with language feedback, it quickly produced a video recorder that was more suitable for users' needs. Panasonic's video recorders surpassed Sony's sales and came from behind.
(3) whether it can be changed. Can there be other changes in meaning, color, activity, sound, smell, style and shape? The methods of changing and innovating have a wide range of topics and are easy to innovate. From writing tools to enterprise management methods, many changes can be made as needed.
(4) Whether it can be expanded. Do you have anything to add? Can the height, length, thickness, time, frequency, strength, added value and materials be increased? Can it be expanded? Wide screen movie, projection TV, couple umbrella, etc. Are the result of expansion. Expand the ordinary telescope into an astronomical telescope.
(5) Whether it can be reduced. Can you reduce anything? A little smaller? Content concentration? Miniaturization? Lower? A little shorter? Lighter? Can you omit it? Can it be divided into small pieces? Can it be installed inside? For example, the invention of watches, from the prayer clock to the first pocket watch designed by a German locksmith, and then to watches made by Swiss.
(6) Whether it can be replaced. Can I use other materials? Other ingredients? Other manufacturing processes? Other motives? Other places? Other ways to replace it? Material substitution is the most common. For example, ceramic tools and engines are made of ceramics instead of metal. Use flexible methods in the military, confuse the fake with the real, and hide yourself.
(7) Whether it can be readjusted. Can I replace the components? Use other models? Use other designs? In other order? Can you adjust the speed? Can you adjust the program? For example, a helicopter is produced by adjusting a propeller installed at the head of an airplane to the top of the airplane.
(8) Is it reversible? Can you change the sign? Reverse position? What is the reverse function? For example, in order to ensure safety, the design of luminous road signs, as well as luminous shoes, luminous hats, luminous umbrellas, luminous rims, luminous pavements and so on invented based on this idea.
(9) whether it can be combined. Are mixed products and complete sets of things unified and coordinated? Can goals, ideas and creativity be integrated?
5 5W 1H method
The 5W 1H method was initiated by the United States Army. It consists of six questions, who (who), when (where), what (what), why (why) and how (how). 5W 1H method is suitable for solving all problems, especially for technological innovation and rationalization reform. When using the 5W 1H method, we should analyze and concretize one by one according to its six elements, put forward the problems, put forward the problems that can trigger creativity, find out the causal relationship among them, realize the new ideas or schemes to solve the problems, and look for improvement measures or new ideas. This method captures the main features of things, can determine different specific contents according to different problems, and is suitable for new innovation topics in technological innovation.