Dianyun culture, history, and the development of Yunnan historiography in the Ming Dynasty
(1) The compilation of Yunnan local chronicles in the Ming Dynasty and the provincial chronicles in the early Ming Dynasty
Since the establishment of Yunnan as a province , Confucian culture has been widely spread in Yunnan, and Yunnan culture and history have entered a new stage of development in parallel with the mainland of the Central Plains. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there was a nationwide movement to compile local chronicles, and the compilation of local chronicles in Yunnan also entered its heyday. Eventually, during the Ming Dynasty, Yunnan compiled the Yunnan Provincial Chronicle nine times. And began the compilation of prefecture and county chronicles, making the compilation of local chronicles more popular. Although there are less than ten kinds of Ming Dynasty chronicles in existence today, there are 70 or 80 kinds of chronicles that can be checked, including 50 or 60 kinds of Fuzhou and county chronicles. This is a new trend in the development of Yunnan historiography in the Ming Dynasty.
During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, Yunnan compiled provincial annals twice. In the fourteenth year of Hongwu's reign, provincial annals were compiled for the first time in Yunnan. In the late Hongwu period, the "Yunnan Chronicle" that was originally compiled was no longer passed on, and was compiled again later. In the 29th year of Hongwu (1396), Hou Muchun of Xiping sent an order to Wang Jingchang and others to compile the provincial annals again. Around the second year of Jianwen (1400), Hongwu revised "Yunnan Chronicles" and compiled it into a book, which was engraved the following year. The two "Yunnan Chronicles" compiled by Hong Wu have long been unpublished. After liberation, Zhao Wanli compiled a compilation of "Yunnan Chronicles", most of which were copied from "Yongle Dadian" and became Hongwu's "Yunnan Chronicles".
Ten volumes of Jingtai's "Yunnan Illustrated Classics", compiled by Chen Wen and others. The book was written around the fifth year of Jingtai (1454). The first six volumes are "Geographical Records" and the last four volumes are "Yiwen Zhi". Prefectures and prefectures are geographically divided into two categories: establishment history and important matters. The important matters are divided into county names, arrivals, customs, situations, public houses, schools, wells, springs, pavilions, towers, temples, temples, monuments, tombs, bridges, museums and post offices, famous officials, characters, subjects, and chants. Waiting for door twenty-one. The text contained in the briefings is brief, and most of them are recorded in the chronicles of previous generations, not interviews at the time. Although this book is brief, it is one of the most complete existing chronicles and is of great reference value.
Hongzhi's "Yunnan General Chronicle", the number of volumes is unknown. Jingtai's "Yunnan Illustrated Chronicles" is more detailed in poetry and less in facts. In order to make up for its shortcomings and continue to record later deeds and characters, Chen Jin, the governor of Yunnan in the 16th year of Hongzhi (1503), believed that the provincial annals "concerned the system and contained advice" "Punishment cannot be ignored." He advocated re-editing the Yunnan Provincial Chronicle, and appointed Peng Gang, deputy envoy of the Ministry of Justice and Supervision, to supervise the school to take charge of the matter. This book was written as a supplement to Jingtai's "Yunnan Illustrations and Records" with a brief outline of the essentials. Therefore, the style and content mostly involve the overall situation of Yunnan's system evolution, deeds and figures, school imperial examinations, etc. at that time. The traces of ancient and modern times are splendidly preserved" (Peng Gang's "Preface to the General Annals of Yunnan"). After the book was written, it was not published and only copies were circulated.
Forty-four volumes of Zhengde's "Yunnan Chronicles", compiled by Zhou Jifeng. Zhou Jifeng, whose courtesy name is Gongyi, was born in Ningzhou, Jiangxi. This book is based on the "General Records of Hongzhi Yunnan" and has been reorganized with slight additions and deletions. After the book was completed, it was engraved after Zhengde.
(2) Li Yuanyang’s contribution to Yunnan history
Li Yuanyang (1497-1580), courtesy name Renfu, also known as Zhongxi, was a native of Dali, a Jinshi during the Jiajing period, a erudite scholar, and the author of There are "The Illustrated Theory of Mind" and "The Complete Works of Li Zhongxi", and the compiled local chronicles include "Zhi of Dali Prefecture" and "Tongzhi of Wanli Yunnan". His Wanli "Yunnan General Chronicles" is one of the better ones among the provincial chronicles of the Ming Dynasty, and is innovative both in style and historical ideas.
First, Wanli's "Yunnan General Chronicles" not only draws on carefully selected materials and is meticulous and detailed, but also makes breakthroughs in style. Wanli's "Tongzhi of Yunnan" has seventeen volumes, divided into twelve categories: geography, construction, taxes and servitude, military food, schools, subjects, officials, figures, temples, temples, art and literature, regulations, and magazines. Although the number of examples is greatly reduced compared with the 21 chapters in Jingtai's "Yunnan Illustrated Records" and the 29 chapters in Peng Gang's "General Records of Yunnan", a new category of military food records has been created. The category is specially used to record the Ming Dynasty's garrison, military affairs, garrison expeditions, etc. The Ming Dynasty Yunnan's garrison system and economic conditions are specially recorded as an important aspect, truly reflecting the social and economic situation of Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty, and providing a basis for today's study of Yunnan's economic history, especially It provides precious information on the economic development of Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty.
(4) "Mu's Official Genealogy", "Lishi", "An's Century" and "Southwestern Yi Chronicles"
These books are historical documents of ethnic minorities in the Ming Dynasty and represent the Achievements in the development of historiography of ethnic minorities in Yunnan during the Ming Dynasty.
"Mu's Official Genealogy" is not divided into volumes. It was compiled by Mu Gong, a man from the Ming Dynasty. The full name of this book is "The Genealogy of the Wise Descendants and Grandsons of the Yangbonamu Family in Yulongshan Mountain", which is the family history of the Mu family, a local official in Lijiang. It preserves the historical relics of a large area in western Yunnan from the Yuan Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty. Since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, most Yunnan native officials and chieftain families have genealogies to record their family backgrounds, but the most detailed one is the "Mu Family Genealogy". This book begins with the "Dongba Sutra", which is in Naxi language and records the birth and transformation of all things in the world. It then records the deeds of its ancestor Ye Gunian and the following dynasties, covering the Qin, Han, Tang and Song dynasties. The recorded historical events are relatively brief; From the early Yuan Dynasty to the early Yuan Dynasty after Mu became a famous chieftain in western Yunnan, the records are very detailed, including dates, titles, official titles, etc., which are mostly consistent with the history books, but more authentic and detailed than the history books, until Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty After he changed his native land and returned to his hometown in the first year of the year, the "Mu family's eunuch genealogy" came to an end. "Mu's Official Genealogy" is an important local historical material in northwest Yunnan and an important classic of Naxi culture.
There is a rare book in the department, and other powerful chieftains and important people also have collections, but most of them are kept secret and are not willing to show it to others easily. Later, Li Fuyi obtained the middle and lower volumes from Menghai Tuba Zongdao Zonghan, and Yu Menggen obtained the first volume. With reference to the other edition, Li Buyi translated it into Chinese in 1945. The recorded years are from Gengzi in the 542nd year of the Dai calendar (the seventh year of Chunxi in the Song Dynasty, 1180) to the 1226th year of the Dai calendar (the third year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty, 1864), which is six hundred and eighty-four years. According to Mr. Fang Guoyu's research, the creation of Dai writing was around the early Ming Dynasty, so the book was written in the Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty after the creation of Dai writing. The content of the book covers all aspects of the social life and land ownership patterns of the Dai people, and is a rare and important material for studying the social history of the Dai people.
The original title of "An's Century" is "The Century of Emperors", a "history of mankind", which is one of the "Cuanwen Series". It was translated from Chinese by Lao Yi in Luo Wenbi, Donggualin Township, Dading, Guizhou out. "An's Century" is the genealogy of the An's of the Shuixi Yi people, from the ancestor Ximuzhe to the time of the translator, totaling one hundred and twenty generations. It involves the historical situation of the Yi people in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan, and reflects the lineage of the Shuixian family in Guizhou. This book details the family lineage and several place names, but is very brief on historical events. It is a representative work of Yi language historical materials.
"Southwestern Yi Zhi" was translated from Yi documents by Luo Guoyi, the Yi translator of the Bijie Office in Guizhou, after the founding of the People's Republic of China. According to the summary of the translated text, the year when this book was written is unknown. We can only speculate based on some of the things recorded in the book that it may have been before the Qing Dynasty changed its territory. This book was written by Rewo Tumu, a court official. He collected many unwritten short books and processed them into this book in Yi language. The contents of this book include the emergence and development of all things in ancient times of chaos; the origin and development of human beings; the distribution of various Tu tribes and other tribes; the pedigree and customs of each tribe, etc. The book has more than 370,000 words and more than 400 titles. It is a Yi history book that records the history of the Yi people in a relatively comprehensive manner.
In summary, the development of Yunnan historiography in the Ming Dynasty has the following characteristics: First, the development of Yunnan historiography in the Ming Dynasty accelerated compared with that of the previous generation, and entered a new stage of synchronized development with mainland China. This is consistent with the accelerated pace of cultural development in Yunnan during the Ming Dynasty. This is especially reflected in the compilation of local chronicles in Yunnan during the Ming Dynasty. Not only were provincial chronicles revised nine times, but prefecture and county chronicles also began large-scale compilation. Because Yunnan implemented a large-scale reform of the land during the Ming Dynasty, the ruling power of the feudal dynasty penetrated deep into the grassroots level in most areas, and the feudal education system was subsequently implemented. The number of local intellectuals gradually increased, and Han intellectuals from the mainland immigrated or became officials in Yunnan. There were scholars and scholars all over Yunnan, which created conditions for the popularization and compilation of local chronicles. Second, the Yunnan historical tradition’s overall awareness of the same root, the concept of grand unity and the idea of ??ethnic equality have been carried forward. These more advanced historical views have become the dominant ideas of Yunnan historians represented by Li Yuanyang in the compilation of Yunnan local chronicles.
At the same time, a large number of Han immigrants entered Yunnan during the Ming Dynasty. The Han people and local ethnic minorities lived together day and night, living in harmony and developing together from generation to generation. These have become important aspects that influenced Yunnan's historical thinking. Third, ethnohistoriography has also made great progress. In Yunnan during the Ming Dynasty, historical books appeared in the form of genealogies and were written in ethnic languages ??to record the development history of ethnic minorities. Although these historical books recorded the development process of different ethnic groups, they also mostly reflected the influence of the central dynasty on the development of various ethnic groups. It reflects the development trend of pluralism and integration in Yunnan history.