Who invented the computer?

A computer is a machine that uses the principles of electronics to process data according to a series of instructions. Computer can be divided into two parts: software system and hardware system. The first computer, ENIAC, was born on1February, 94615th. The birth of the first human electronic computer ENIAC 1946 15 February, the world's first universal electronic digital computer "ENIAC" was successfully developed. The success of "Eniac" is not only a monument in the history of computer development, but also a new starting point for human beings in the process of developing computing technology. The original design scheme of "Eniac" computer was put forward by 36-year-old American engineer Mochri 1943. The main task of the computer is to analyze the trajectory of the projectile. The United States Ordnance Department allocated funds to support research and development, and set up a special research team, which was headed by Mochiri. The chief engineer is eckert, who is only 24 years old. Team member Gerstein is a mathematician and a logician Boxer. "Eniac”* * * * uses 18000 electron tubes, plus 1500 relays and other devices. It has a total volume of about 90 cubic meters, weighs 30 tons, covers an area of 170 square meters, and needs a large room more than 30 meters long to store it. It is a real monster. This computer, which consumes 140 kwh per hour, has an operation speed of 5000 additions or 400 multiplications per second, which is 1000 times faster than the mechanical relay computer. When "Eniac" was publicly displayed, the trajectory of a shell was calculated in 20 seconds, which was faster than the flying speed of the shell itself. Eniac's memory is an electronic device, not a rotating "drum". It can complete tens of millions of multiplication operations a day, which is equivalent to a person working with a desktop computer for 40 years. It runs in decimal instead of binary. However, there are also a few electron tubes that work in binary mode, so the machine should convert decimal into binary in its work, and then back to decimal when data is input and output. "Eniac" was originally a special computer designed for ballistic calculation. But later, by changing the wiring mode inserted into the control panel to solve various problems, it became a universal machine. Its improved version was used in the development of hydrogen bombs. The "Eniac" program uses external plug-ins, and every time a new calculation is made in the software center, the line must be reconnected. Sometimes a few minutes or tens of minutes of calculation takes several hours or 1- 2 days, which is a fatal weakness. Another disadvantage is that the storage capacity is too small. 1996 February 15, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the advent of "Eniac", US Vice President Al Gore once again pressed the start button of this huge electronic computer that had been sleeping for 40 years at the grand commemorative ceremony held at the University of Pennsylvania. Gore said to the scientists who participated in the development of "Eniac" and are still alive: "I want to congratulate the pioneers who developed this computer that year." The two rows of lights on Eniac flashed to 46 with the exact number of knots, indicating that it appeared in 1946, and then flashed to 96, marking the beginning of the computer age for 50 years. [4] Computer evolution process from 1642 to 1643, Blaise Pascalene invented the gear-operated adder, which was the first mechanical adder. 1666, Samuel Moran of England invented a mechanical counting machine which can calculate addend and subtraction. 167 1 year, the famous German mathematician G.W. Leibniz made the first mechanical computer capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. 1673, gottfried leibniz made a counter with stepped cylindrical wheel, which was called "ladder calculator". This calculator can multiply repeated numbers and automatically add them to the adder. 1694, German mathematician gottfried leibniz improved Pascal's Pascal, and made a machine that can calculate multipliers. It is still operated by gears and dials. 1773, Philip matthaeus manufactured and sold a small number of computers accurate to 12 digits. 1775, the third earl of Stanhope invented a multiplication calculator similar to Leibniz. In 1786, J.H.Mueller designed a differential extension, but unfortunately there was no money to manufacture it. 180 1 year, Joseph-Marie jacquard's loom used punch cards to control the knitting pattern. 1854, george boole published "Investigation of Thought Laws", which talked about symbols and logical reasoning, and later became the basic concept of computer design. 1858, a telegraph line crossed the Atlantic for the first time and provided service for several days. 186 1 year, a transcontinental telegraph line connects the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone and obtained a patent. From 1876 to 1878, Baron Kelvin made the overtone analyzer and tidal forecasting machine. 1882, William S. Burroughs quit his job as a bank clerk and devoted himself to inventing the adder. 1889, herman hollerith's electric tabulator performed well in the competition and was used in the population survey of 1890. Herman hollerith adopted the concept of jacquard loom to calculate. He used a card to store data and then injected it into the machine to compile the results. This machine enables the results of the population survey to be obtained in just six weeks, which takes ten years. 1893, invented the first four-function calculator. Old computer 1895, Guillermo Marconi transmits broadcast signal. 1896, Horace founded the watchmaking company. 1908, the British scientist Campbell Swinton described the electronic scanning method and predicted the manufacture of TV sets with cathode ray tubes. 19 1 1 year, Hollerith's watch machine company merged with two other companies to form the computer watchmaking and recording company (C-T-R), a watchmaking and recording company. But in 1924, it was renamed International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). 19 1 1 year, Dutch physicist Kamerlingh Onnes discovered superconductivity at Leiden University. 193 1 year, Fannie Bush invented a counting machine that can solve the difference program. This machine can solve some complicated difference programs that are a headache for mathematicians and scientists. 1935, IBM (international business machine) introduced "IBM 60 1", which is a punch card machine with arithmetic components, and can calculate the multiplier within 1 second. It plays a great role in scientific computing and commercial computing. A total of 1500 units were manufactured. 1937, alan turing put forward the concept of "universal machine", which can execute any algorithm, and formed the basic concept of "computability". Turing's concept is superior to other inventions of the same type because he uses symbols to deal with the concept of symbols. 10 In October, John Vincent Atansov and john berry made a 16-bit adder. This is the first machine to calculate with vacuum tubes. 1939, Zuse and Schreyer created "V2" [later called Z2], which followed the mechanical storage of Z 1 and added a new arithmetic component by using relay logic. But when Zuze finished the draft, the plan was suspended for a year. Scientific calculator 1946, the first official computer "Eniac" was born in the United States, but it consumed a lot of electricity. 1959, the first small scientific calculator IBM620 was successfully developed. 1960, the data processing system IBM 140 1 was successfully developed. 196 1 year, the programming language COBOL came out. 196 1 year, the first platform system computer was designed by MIT. 1963, the BASIC language came out. 1964, the third generation computer IBM360 series. 1965, American digital equipment company launched the first minicomputer PDP-8. From 65438 to 0969, IBM successfully developed 90-column card machine and system-3 computer system. 1970, IBM system 1370 computer series. 197 1 year, the unIVersity of Illinois designed and completed the ilium iv supercomputer. 197 1 year, the first microprocessor 4004 was successfully developed by Intel. From 65438 to 0972, microprocessor substrates began to be produced and sold in large quantities. 1973, IBM successfully developed the first floppy disk. 1975, Atari-8800 microcomputer came out. 1977, Modol company announced the successful development of the fully combined microcomputer PET-200 1. 1977, TRS——80 microcomputer was born. 1977, the Apple-II microcomputer was born. From 65438 to 0978, VLSI was applied. 1978, bubble memory was used in commercial computers for the second time. 1979, Sharp announced that it had made the first portable microcomputer. From 65438 to 0982, microcomputers became popular and entered schools and families in large numbers. 1979 started planning and manufacturing, 1983 Apple-Lisa computer went on the market. She was the first computer with a mouse and a graphical user interface. From 65438 to 0984, the Japanese computer industry began to develop the "fifth generation computer"-a computer with artificial intelligence. 1984: DNS (domain name server) announced that there are more than 1000 hosts running on the Internet. 1984: HP has released an excellent laser printer, and HP has maintained the leading technology of inkjet printers. 1984 65438+1October: Apple releases Macintosh. Based on Motorola 68000 microprocessor. 16M can be addressed. 1August, 984: released by MS-DOS 3.0, PC-DOS 3.0 and IBM AT, adopting ISA standard, supporting large hard disk and 1.2M high-density floppy drive. 1September, 1984: Apple released a Macintosh with 5 12Kb memory, and there was no improvement in other aspects. 1end of 984: Compaq began to develop IDE interface, which can transmit data at a faster speed and has been adopted by many peers. Later, EIDE was further introduced, which can support drives up to 528MB. Data transmission is also faster. 1985: Philips and Sony jointly launch optical drives. 1985: EGA standard comes out. 1March 985: MS-DOS 3. 1, PC-DOS 3. 1. This is the first DOS version that provides partial network function support. 1985101October 17: 80386 DX was launched. The clock frequency reaches 33MHz, which can address 1GB memory. There are more instructions than 286. 6 million instructions per second, integrating 275,000 transistors. 1985165438+1October: released by Microsoft Windows. But it has not been widely used in its version 3.0. Need DOS support, similar to Apple's operating interface, so that it was sued by Apple. The lawsuit was not terminated until August 1997. 1985 65438+ February: MS-DOS 3.2, PC-DOS 3.2. This is the first system that supports 3.5-inch disks. But only 720KB is supported. Only version 3.3 can support 1.44 megabytes. 1986 65438+1October: Apple releases high-performance Macintosh. There are 4 megabytes of memory and SCSI adapters. 1September 1986: Amstrad announced the release of a cheap and powerful computer, Amstrad PC 15 12. Equipped with CGA graphics adapter, 5 12KB memory, 8086 processor and 20mm hard disk. Using mouse and graphical user interface, the design is family-oriented. 1987: Microsoft Windows 2.0 released. 1988: establishment of eisa standard. 1989: Tim Berners Lee of CERN discovered the prototype of the World Wide Web. Novices can also browse the Internet easily through hypertext links. This has greatly promoted the development of the Internet. 1March, 989: EIDE standard was formulated, which can support hard disks exceeding 528MB and can reach the transmission speed of 33.3MB/s, and is adopted by many optical disks. 1989 April 10: 80486 DX released. The processor integrates1.20 thousand transistors, and the clock frequency of subsequent models reaches 100MHz. 1989165438+1October: the sound blaster card was released. 1May 22nd, 990: Microsoft released Windows 3.0, which is compatible with MS-DOS mode. 1990165438+1October: the first generation of MPC (multimedia personal computer standard) was released. The standard requires that the processor should be at least 80286/ 12MHz (later increased to 80386SX/ 16MHz) and the transmission rate of the optical drive should be at least 150 kb/ sec. 199 1 year: ISA standard issued. 1991June: MS-DOS 5.0 and PC-DOS 5.0 were released. In order to promote the development of OS/2, Bill Gates said that DOS5.0 is a DOS terminator and will not spend any energy on it in the future. This version has exceeded the basic memory limit of 640KB. This version also marks the end of the cooperation between Microsoft and IBM on DOS. 1992: released by Windows NT, with 2GB of addressable memory. April 1992: Windows 3. 1 released. 1993: The Internet began to be commercialized. 1993: The classic game Doom was released. 1March 22, 993: Pentium released, integrating more than 3 million transistors. The core frequency of the early version is 60 ~66MHz, and 65438+ billion instructions are executed per second. 1May, 993: MPC standard 2 was issued, which requires that the optical disc transmission rate should reach 300KB/s, and 15 frames of images can be played per second in a window of 320 ×240. 1March 7, 994: Intel released 90 ~ 100 MHz Pentium processor. 1994: Netscape 1.0 browser release. 1994: Command &；; To conquer (command and conquer) and release. 1March 27th, 995: Intel released the Pentium processor of 120MHz. June 1995 1: Intel released 133MHz Pentium processor. 1August 23rd, 995: Windows 95, a pure 32-bit multitasking operating system, was released. This operating system is very different from the previous version, completely divorced from MS-DOS, but still retains the DOS mode to take care of users' habits. Windows 95 has achieved great success. 1 995165438+1October1:released by Pentium Pro, with a main frequency of 200MHz, 440 million instructions per second and 5.5 million transistors integrated. 199565438+February: Netscape releases its JavaScript. 199665438+1October: Netscape Navigator 2.0 released. This is the first browser that supports JavaScript. 199665438+1October 4th: Intel released 150 ~ 166 MHz Pentium processor, which integrated 310 ~ 3.3 million transistors. 1996: Windows 95 OSR2 was released, which fixed some bugs and extended some functions. 1997: The release of well-known game software, such as Heft Auto, Thor Hammer 2 and blade runner, has led to the rapid rise of 3D graphics accelerator cards. 1997 65438+1October 8th: Intel released Pentium MMX CPU, which enhanced processor games and multimedia functions. April 1997: IBM's deep blue computer defeated Kasparov, the world champion of human chess. 1May 7, 997: Intel released Pentium II, adding more instructions and caches. 1June 2, 997: Intel released 233MHz Pentium MMX. Resources /view/2358.html？ wtp=tt