Agricultural extension course paper 1: the present situation and development of agricultural extension system in China
Since the 20th century, China's agricultural development has entered a brand-new era, but there are still some problems in the agricultural technology extension system, which can not meet the needs of current rural development to a certain extent, further inhibiting the development of China's agriculture. Therefore, how to solve this problem, combine China's basic national conditions, launch a brand-new agricultural extension system, and promote the transformation of agricultural science and technology into real productive forces has become a hot spot in current society. This paper discusses the present situation of agricultural extension system in China, and puts forward the development countermeasures of agricultural extension system in China.
1 promotion system status
Agricultural extension system is an important part and embodiment of our government's strong support for agriculture. Especially since the beginning of 2 1 century, while actively developing agricultural production, the government of China has also strengthened the construction of agricultural extension system, built extension networks focusing on planting, forestry, animal husbandry, aquatic products, water conservancy, agricultural mechanization and management, and formed a top-down vertical agricultural extension system. It can be said that by the end of 20 14, more than 400,000 villages in China have established service organizations, and more than 10 villages have established professional technical associations and scientific and technological demonstration households.
2 problems in the promotion system
Through the analysis, we can see that there are still some problems in China's agricultural extension system, which have seriously affected the development of China's agriculture. If the specific analysis, there are the following points:
2. 1 The internal and external organizational management is inconsistent with the task objectives.
As we all know, the fundamental task of the agricultural extension system is to promote the application of agricultural scientific research achievements and modern agricultural technology to agricultural production as soon as possible and continuously promote agricultural modernization. However, at present, there are often some problems in the internal and external organization and management of China's agricultural extension system, which not only cannot achieve the actual task objectives, but also does not conform to the actual task objectives, which also makes it difficult to effectively implement the agricultural extension system, and the extension system and extension personnel are often in a passive state.
2.2 The market orientation is poor, which is seriously out of touch with the market demand.
At present, China's agricultural technology extension is under the direct leadership of the government, with a strong administrative tendency, and is restricted by the traditional agricultural technology extension system and inherent concepts. There is a considerable gap between the scientific research behavior of agricultural research institutes and agricultural colleges and universities and the market demand and farmers' demand. Because of this, the market orientation of agricultural technology popularization is poor, which is seriously out of touch with the actual market demand, resulting in a very low conversion rate of truly realized agricultural innovation achievements, far lower than that of developed countries such as Britain and the United States.
2.3 Agricultural extension personnel and agricultural extension system do not match.
At present, many agricultural extension workers do not match the actual requirements of the agricultural extension system because of their low level of personal knowledge structure and comprehensive quality. However, there is a lack of strict selection and management of agricultural extension personnel within the agricultural extension system, which also causes the agricultural extension system to be unable to operate well to a great extent. In particular, some extension workers are old-fashioned, lack innovation consciousness, are not familiar with the current agricultural market, and cannot meet the needs of the modernization of agricultural extension system.
3 Countermeasures to improve the development of China's agricultural extension system
Problems in China's agricultural extension system have seriously affected the good operation of China's agricultural extension system. Therefore, it is particularly important to improve the agricultural extension system in combination with China's basic national conditions.
3. 1 define the innovation goal and grasp the development direction.
Only by defining the innovation goal of agricultural extension system and grasping the development direction can China's agricultural extension work develop better. In practical work, we should constantly expand the ranks of agricultural extension and consolidate agricultural institutions at all levels. In particular, diversified service means and service organizations can be adopted in agricultural extension, and a new agricultural extension system combining state-owned and private enterprises can be established to provide more favorable guarantee for the development of agriculture in China.
3.2 Improve the agricultural extension system
The government-led agricultural extension system has become an important subject of agricultural extension today. In order to further improve the development of China's agricultural extension system and promote the transformation rate of agricultural scientific and technological achievements, it is necessary to improve the government-led agricultural extension system. First, strengthen the popularization of social welfare agricultural technology; Second, improve the methods and mechanisms of agricultural extension, constantly broaden the functional scope of agricultural extension departments, shorten the promotion path of scientific research achievements, and effectively improve the conversion rate and popularization rate of agricultural scientific and technological achievements; Third, do a good job in market demand investigation, effectively implement the work of agricultural technology popularization above the actual market demand, increase the capital investment of agricultural technology popularization, and provide sufficient guarantee in terms of funds.
3.3 improve personal quality
Further strengthening the personal quality of agricultural extension personnel plays a vital role in promoting the effective development of agricultural extension work. Therefore, in practical work, it is necessary to continuously strengthen the continuing education of existing agricultural science and technology personnel, especially the training of grass-roots agricultural technology extension personnel. What needs to be noted here is that in the continuing education and training of agricultural extension, it is necessary to closely combine the actual production and market demand, improve the personal quality of extension personnel, and help more farmers form their own actual control ability over the market.
4 conclusion
Through the shallow discussion on the present situation of agricultural extension system and the development countermeasures to improve it, I hope more people can clearly understand that agricultural extension is an indispensable part of the transformation of agricultural science and technology into real productive forces and an important link in the development of modern agriculture. Therefore, it is particularly important to constantly improve China's agricultural extension system to meet the needs of China's rural development and meet the needs of China's farmers for the development of science and technology, which is worthy of in-depth study and strengthening construction by relevant departments.
Agricultural Extension Course Paper 2: Problems and Countermeasures in China's Agricultural Extension System
1 preface
In order to promote the rapid development of rural economy, we must constantly improve agricultural technology and help farmers master advanced agricultural technology. However, in practice, although a series of agricultural technologies have been popularized and achieved certain results, there are still a series of problems, so it is necessary to intensify the reform and realize the rapid development of rural economy. As far as agricultural extension system is concerned, its rapid development is helpful to increase rural economic income and promote agricultural development in China.
2 Problems in China's agricultural extension system at present
There are some problems in the agricultural extension system, which also affect the development of China's agricultural economy. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out reform and innovation to promote the development of China's agricultural extension system.
2. 1 There is something wrong with the management system.
As far as China's current agricultural extension system is concerned, it can be divided into management and professional administrative divisions. Therefore, in the process of compartmentalization, the relevant management departments did not achieve effective docking, which also caused serious selfish departmentalism, and there were also disadvantages such as self-integration of agricultural scientific research and education promotion. It is precisely because of these factors that the strength of China's agricultural extension system is seriously insufficient. Although the team is huge, it does not have much practical effect.
2.2 There is something wrong with the operation mechanism.
In the development of agricultural extension system, it is seriously affected by the economic system, and the operation technology is mainly from top to bottom. Accomplishing the tasks assigned by superiors has become one of the important indicators for evaluating agricultural extension institutions. Moreover, personnel management is also about seniority. The egalitarianism is implemented in the distribution form, and the evaluation system deviates from the client, which also causes the client not to participate in the promotion evaluation in time. The direct impact of this is that the responsibility of the promotion agencies and personnel can not be guaranteed, which makes the work enthusiasm and creative effect not high [1].
2.3 Promotion funds
Comparing with developed countries, we can see that in developed countries, the funds for agricultural technology popularization account for about 0.8% of the total agricultural output value, while in some developing China countries, the funds for agricultural technology popularization account for about 0.4%, while in China, it is only about 0.2%. It is also because of the lack of funds that some agricultural facilities are too old. It is precisely because of these factors that some extension agencies in China put paid service technology in the first place, regardless of whether it is beneficial to the clients.
2.4 Extension personnel issues
Due to the problems existing in the overall quality of agricultural technology extension institutions and personnel in China, professional knowledge can not be popularized in time and the most advanced information can not be mastered. Secondly, because the welfare treatment is generally not high, there is a phenomenon that talents can't stay, which also affects the efficiency of agricultural technology extension.
3 measures to improve China's agricultural extension system
3. 1 Improve the management system
Only by perfecting the management system to the greatest extent can we promote the popularization and development of agricultural technology. Therefore, in practice, it is necessary to establish a perfect management system to ensure the implementation of post responsibilities, and at the same time, to choose personnel with strong professional ability. In other words, it is necessary to change from identity management to post management, and determine the recruitment requirements according to the actual needs of the post. At the same time, people with strong professional ability should be transferred to leadership positions, and those with insufficient professional ability should be driven by strong professional ability. Secondly, it is necessary to do a good job training and management, establish a sound assessment system, in addition to ensuring the basic salary of employees, but also linked to performance, to stimulate the enthusiasm of employees [2].
3.2 Expanding capital investment
Insufficient capital investment is one of the important obstacles to the inefficiency of agricultural technology popularization in China. Therefore, we can gradually increase the expenses in the agricultural technology extension system, improve the indirect financing system, vigorously encourage private investment, set up special technology extension departments, and increase investment in extension departments. Or we can set up a special promotion fund to build a complete capital structure and promote the rapid development of agriculture in combination with the development of the market economic system. Finally, we should dialectically look at the relationship between technology promotion and operating income, and set up relevant guarantee funds to solve the problem of difficult loans.
3.3 improve the professional level of extension personnel
The key to agricultural extension is to increase the construction of extension team. In order to ensure the perfection of the extension system, it is necessary to strengthen the comprehensive quality and professional level of extension personnel. Improve the evaluation system and standardize the examination system in practice. Select some talents with strong professional ability and high comprehensive quality to join the agricultural technology extension team. At the same time, it is necessary to improve the salary of extension personnel [3].
3.4 Conduct technical training in time.
Because the overall quality of farmers is not high and their education level is lacking, it is necessary to carry out relevant training continuously, so that farmers can master more professional knowledge and make clear the importance of agricultural extension. In actual training, farmers can be organized to participate in TV lectures or conduct scientific propaganda to enhance their professional knowledge and technical ability.
3.5 Strengthen the construction of agricultural products market
As far as China's current agricultural products market is concerned, there are still some problems in market management. For example, technological development can't keep up with the development of agricultural forms, or some people use legal loopholes to obtain illegal benefits. Therefore, we must strictly regulate the agricultural market, establish a fair and just agricultural market, and promote the rapid development of agricultural technology.
3.6 The government should strengthen its support.
As far as China's current agricultural economic cooperation organizations are concerned, most of them belong to village level, so there are certain limitations in coverage area and number of organizations. Therefore, in order to promote the development of agricultural economy, the government needs to increase its support and expand the development of rural economic organizations.
4 conclusion
As can be seen from the above, although there are still some problems in China's agricultural extension system, they can be solved by formulating a series of measures. The development of agricultural economy can not be separated from science and technology, so it is necessary to innovate the extension system and promote the rapid development of agricultural economy.
Paper 3 of Agricultural Extension Course: "Analysis of Basic Agricultural Technology Extension"
[Abstract] For a long time, the popularization of grass-roots agricultural technology has made great contributions to solving the problem of food and clothing for the people and realizing the historic transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture. However, in the face of the dual constraints of resources and market in the development of agricultural science and technology in China and the scientific and technological demand for promoting modern agricultural construction, it also exposes the situation and problems that the process of agricultural technology popularization at the grass-roots level can not adapt to the new situation.
[Keywords:] agricultural technology extension measures
Agricultural technology extension is a bridge and link between agricultural education, scientific research and farmers, and between government and farmers, and plays an important role in agricultural development. Perfecting the popularization of agricultural technology at the grass-roots level is of great practical significance for further promoting the strategic adjustment of agriculture and rural economy, increasing farmers' income, developing rural economy and realizing agricultural modernization.
1 problems in agricultural technology popularization in grass-roots units
The insufficient investment of 1. 1 has seriously restricted the popularization of grass-roots agricultural technology.
First, the institutional team is unstable. In some places, there is insufficient understanding of the public welfare of agricultural technology popularization, and limited by economic conditions, there are fewer special funds for technology popularization. Agricultural technicians rotate frequently, often work part-time in other jobs, and have little time to engage in agricultural technology promotion, and even fewer people actually go to the front line to carry out agricultural technology promotion. Agricultural technology extension work appears? Broken line, broken net, scattered people? Situation.
Second, poor working conditions. Apart from the basic treatment, the infrastructure conditions of the promotion agencies are backward, especially the lack of modern information equipment, which leads to the failure of information transmission? The last mile? It is impossible to really extend the reach of agricultural services to village households, nor can it solve the problem that farmers lack technology, information and expected services.
Third, the professional quality is not high. Generally speaking, there are many agricultural technology extension personnel, but there are not enough real professional and technical personnel, and the overall quality is generally not high. In recent years, the recruitment of township civil servants is not limited to majors, and most of the people assigned to agricultural extension stations are not from ordinary classes. Most of these people have not received systematic professional and technical knowledge training, and due to the shortage of funds, agricultural extension workers lack opportunities for re-education and training, resulting in their knowledge becoming more and more outdated, and the overall quality of agricultural extension teams is declining.
1.2 The dislocation between scientific and technological achievements and production demand affects the promotion effect.
China produces a large number of agricultural scientific and technological achievements every year, but most of these achievements are not suitable for popularization and application. Commonly used at present Demonstration project? Research and application activities? Acceptance appraisal? Bottom-up awards? The operating mechanism of affirming the achievements of scientific and technological workers has brought various disadvantages: bottom-up awards have invisibly increased the number of achievements, creating the illusion of many achievements; Squeeze the space for further promotion and transformation of existing achievements. Scientific and technological achievements must be finally tested and recognized in production before they can be transformed into real productive forces. Under the new situation of market economy, farmers' basic orientation is to obtain economic benefits, and their technical requirements are diversified and efficient. With the change of market demand, the demand for effective comprehensive technology and management technology is more intense, while the current scientific and technological achievements and promotion mechanism are biased towards a single technology, and insufficient attention is paid to supporting the overall role and regional effect of integrated technology and technology. The ability of application services such as saving costs and increasing efficiency, agricultural product safety and postpartum processing is weak, which is not suitable for the actual needs of farmers and agricultural production. In addition, the information of market and technology is not smooth, which affects the actual effect of transforming scientific and technological achievements into real productive forces.
1.3 farmers' low ability to absorb new technologies leads to difficulties in popularization.
China is a big agricultural country. From a macro point of view, there is a huge and urgent demand for all kinds of agricultural technological achievements. But from a microscopic point of view, is it really capable of adopting and applying scientific and technological innovation? Effective demand? Not tall. First, the popularization and application of modern agricultural high-tech, especially intangible technologies and methods, requires users to have certain basic agricultural knowledge, master basic principles and strict operation techniques, but at this stage, only a small number of scientific and technological leaders have this ability, and most farmers do not. Second, the adoption of innovative technologies requires certain economic strength. Under the multiple pressures of small scale, low efficiency and other burdens, most farmers can only adopt some physical and chemical technological achievements with obvious benefits and quick results because of weak funds, but only have the desire to adopt some high-tech with slow results or large investment, but they lack the ability to buy and use them.
1.4 The dispersion of agricultural production increases the difficulty of agricultural technology popularization.
China agriculture is a decentralized small-scale peasant economy with farmers as the unit, with small scale of operation and scattered production. Most farmers who enter cities and towns still tend to keep their land management rights, and the proportion of land transfer is very low. Every farmer has full autonomy in land planting types and farming methods. The problem of small-scale agricultural management formed by the household contract responsibility system for rural land is not only not conducive to the formation of mechanized farming and scale benefits, but also increases the cost of large-scale popularization and transformation of scientific and technological achievements to a certain extent, which leads to the disconnection between technology and industry and seriously restricts the improvement of agricultural production benefits. Agricultural production is highly dispersed, farmers are dispersed, the organizational function of village committees is weakened, and there is no effective agricultural technology popularization channel.
2. Measures to strengthen agricultural technology popularization at the grass-roots level
2. 1 Give play to the backbone role of the government agricultural technology extension team.
Agricultural technology extension has irreplaceable public welfare function and is the main body of socialized service system of agricultural technology extension. Establishing agricultural technology extension teams to perform public welfare functions is not only the objective need of China's agricultural and rural economic development, but also the experience of agricultural development in most countries. At present, the work of agricultural technology popularization must renew the concept, innovate the mechanism, combine the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure, and extend the service field from mid-production to prenatal and postnatal, from single service to comprehensive service, guide farmers to enter the market with technology and information, and participate in and promote agricultural industrialization management in accordance with the requirements of market economy development. Governments at all levels should run agricultural technology extension institutions well? Polishing? Work, and gradually improve the infrastructure and working conditions of grass-roots agricultural technology extension departments, attract talents, stabilize the team, enhance the ability to serve rural science and technology, and ensure that extension agencies at all levels effectively perform public welfare functions.
2.2 Ensure the stability and development of the government's agricultural technology extension team.
Agricultural technology extension mainly serves the government and farmers and pays attention to social benefits. Governments at all levels should guarantee the basic funds for the popularization of public welfare according to law. First, ensure the wages and business expenses of agricultural technicians, make full use of existing conditions, concentrate possible financial and material resources, and strengthen the hardware and software construction of the extension system; Second, establish special funds for agricultural technology popularization, gradually increase the share of financial funds used for agricultural technology popularization in an institutionalized way, and increase the implementation scale and support of some public welfare popularization work; Third, strengthen the cultivation and training of agricultural technology extension personnel, improve their own scientific and technological cultural quality and their ability to provide technical services, industrial management and information services for the whole process of agricultural production, so as to meet the needs of new rural construction and modern agricultural development in the new period and better meet the scientific and technological needs of farmers.
2.3 Establish a docking mechanism between scientific and technological achievements and production demand under the conditions of market economy.
First of all, we should improve the evaluation system of agricultural scientific and technological achievements to adapt to the market economy.
Strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights, include new varieties of agricultural animals and plants in the scope of patents, encourage scientific research units to develop and produce more practical scientific and technological products, and solve the situation of disconnection between scientific research and production. For some scientific and technological projects that combine research with development demonstration and focus on development, in the process of identification and reward, we can consider separating innovative technology from economic benefits, or increasing the weight of innovative parts, reducing the weight of obtaining benefits, increasing the practicability of results, and promoting the production of more practical technologies that can be directly applied to production. Secondly, we should develop and guide the agricultural technology market. First, strengthen the construction of agricultural technology market and promote the transfer of agricultural technology. Second, the market-oriented incentives are widely used, the extension mechanism is innovated, and the enthusiasm of all parties involved in agricultural technology extension is mobilized.
2.4 Strengthen farmers' technical training and improve farmers' scientific and technological quality.
Farmers are the main body of agricultural management, as well as the main body of demand and market of agricultural technology. Agricultural technology popularization is divorced from the improvement of farmers' scientific and technological quality. Passive water, rootless wood? Therefore, the primary goal should be to comprehensively improve the scientific and technological quality of farmers. On the one hand, strengthen technical training and let farmers change the application of science and technology from layman to expert. According to the present situation of rural economy and farmers' quality, farmers' technical training should pay attention to hierarchy and practicality. For agricultural technology projects with great potential for increasing production, high efficiency and wide popularization, districts, towns, villages and groups should establish scientific and technological demonstration bases and demonstration households with a purpose and focus, provide farmers with examples to learn from, guide farmers to change their traditional management methods with living facts, and apply science and technology to become rich.
Concluding remarks
Develop diversified extension methods and all-round service fields, improve the agricultural technology market, and let farmers gradually become the main body of extension activities; Establish a perfect agricultural socialized service system and improve the transformation rate of agricultural scientific and technological achievements; Connecting with international practices, reforming agricultural technology popularization in China, etc. , legal! Institutionally! Mechanically! Comprehensively reform China's agricultural technology extension system in management.
refer to
[1] high. Study on the Construction of Agricultural Extension Organization System in China [J]. Research on Scientific Management, 20 10, (2):107-11.
[2] Fan, Zhang Hua. Research on the Problems and Countermeasures of Agricultural Extension in China under the New Situation [J]. Jilin Agriculture, 20 10, (1 1): 2-3.
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