677 people followed 22 comments.
Write an answer
View all 190 answers
Write an answer
Zhang Yichao
In fact, Eastern Europe has been exposed to the light of the Soviet Union and socialism, which has largely become the burden of the Soviet Union, because the Soviet Union has to provide them with a lot of raw materials, machinery, technology, food, milk, oil and so on. Moreover, the gap between the physical production capacity of eastern Europe and western Europe in the socialist period has been greatly reduced. Eastern European countries should have been cheated by Emperor Gorbachev, because Gorbachev destroyed capitalism, surrendered to the West and let the West bomb the Eastern camp.
(For example, according to the computer standardization system agreement signed in GDR on 23rd 1968 12, the Soviet Union granted Belarus computer production lines and patents to be transplanted to East Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria, etc. Many people belittle the Soviet Union on the Zhihu, saying that its computer technology and production line came from the Democratic Republic of Germany, but the fact is just the opposite. These people didn't even check the agreement of 1968 "Computer Standardization System" that the Soviet Union transplanted the production line and patent authorization to East European countries such as East Germany, Hungary and Bulgaria. )
On the contrary, after the evolution of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, Eastern European countries were hyped by western capital, and national capital was almost completely deprived.
The starting point and achievements of socialist construction in eastern European countries
In the last three decades, while the achievements of Soviet economic construction have been obliterated, the socialist construction in Eastern European countries has also been devalued. For example, China's Private Economy wrote on page 14 that "the pre-war prosperous economies, such as Czechoslovakia and Hungary, lagged behind other European countries." According to this statement, before the war, the Czech and Hungarian economies were in the forefront of Europe. However, the book does not use statistics to show that the Czech Republic and Hungary were prosperous before the war and were in the forefront of European countries, nor does it use data to show how the Czech Republic and Hungary fell behind other countries during the socialist period. The argument of "elite" is often not supported by arguments. Because "equality" refers to classes and groups, that is, not only the Czech Republic and Hungary, but also Poland, Romania and Bulgaria all had "prosperous economies" before the war. But is this really the case?
Before World War II, 48% of Hungary's land was concentrated in the hands of 65438+200,000 landlords, while 65438+200,000 farmers only owned 10% of the land, and 780,000 farmers had neither their own land nor leased land. Hungary is known as "a country with 3 million beggars" (Fadev Economic Mutual Aid Committee hereinafter referred to as Economic Mutual Aid Association, China Financial and Economic Press, 1977, p. 19). Hungarian industry was also very backward at that time. 1938, according to the per capita electricity consumption, Hungary is 150 degrees, and neighboring Austria is 440 degrees; Hungary's per capita cement output is 35 kg, while Austria's is 96 kg. The per capita steel output of Hungary is 7 1 kg, and that of Austria is 100 kg (World Socialist Economic System, hereinafter referred to as World, page 294, Joint Publishing Company, 1960 edition). The low per capita electricity consumption means that there are few electrical equipment, which means that the industry is underdeveloped and the people's living standards are low; The per capita cement output is low, indicating that the construction demand is small. Considering that Hungary, with a population of about 9 million, is called "a country of 3 million beggars", how did Hungary's economy prosper before the war?
Czechoslovakia is a developed country in eastern Europe, but "during the period between the two world wars, Czechoslovakia's industrial development was extremely unbalanced." For example, during the period from 1925 to 1929, the output increased by 32%, while during the period from 1930 to 1933, it almost decreased by 40% compared with 1929; Compared with 19 13, the output of the most important products has not increased at all. " In addition, there is still a gap between the Czech Republic and western European countries in terms of per capita industrial output. For example, in 1938, the Czech per capita electricity consumption was 280 kwh, which was lower than that of neighboring Austria, France, Britain and Germany. The per capita cement output in Czech is 88kg, which is lower than that in Austria (96kg), France (100kg), Britain (160kg) and Germany (220kg). The per capita steel output of Czech Republic is128kg, which is higher than that of Austria, but lower than that of France, Britain and Germany. (The World, 294 pages, and calculated according to the statistics of Britain, France, Germany and Japan for a hundred years) So how can the Czech Republic be called a "prosperous economy" in Europe?
Before World War II in the late 1930s, Poland's industrial production was still at the level of 19 13. At that time, the country had a population of 35 million, and the number of people engaged in industry was only 800 thousand. The population of Poland ranks sixth in Europe after the Soviet Union, Germany, Britain, France and Italy, but the total industrial output value ranks only 16 in Europe, so the per capita industrial output value is very low. 1937, the per capita steel output in Poland was only equivalent to 1/5 in France and110 in Germany. The per capita industrial production level in Poland is far below the world level. For example, the per capita power generation in Poland is 1 15 kWh, while the world average is 250 kWh (pages 22 and 23 of CMEA).
As far as per capita industrial consumption is concerned, Romania ranked "18" before World War II ... According to the materials of the League of Nations, 1928, the industrial products produced by Romania accounted for 0.3% of the world's total industrial output, and the per capita output was half lower than the world average and13 "lower than that of Greece (page 24 of CMEA).
Bulgaria was the most backward agricultural country in the Balkan Peninsula before the war, with per capita power generation of 1939 degrees and 42 degrees (Germany only had 1/20). The metallurgical industry only produces 6000 tons of steel. Compared with the population of more than 6 million, the per capita steel output is only about 1 kg, which is about1/330 of the per capita steel output in Germany (page 18 of CMEA). At the same time, light industry is also very backward. "According to the average population, the textile output in Germany is only 1/45, that in Britain is only 1/25, and that in France is only118" (Zhang Dexiu's Introduction to Eastern European Economy, Peking University Publishing House, 1986). Therefore, it is said that
After 1945, Eastern European countries successively embarked on the socialist road, and their economies developed rapidly. For example, before the war, when the industrial production of 1938 was 100 and 1980, Hungary was 1330, Czechoslovakia was 1235, Poland was 3430, and East Germany was 1020. 500 in West Germany, 825 in Italy, 740 in Austria and 600 in Ireland (calculated by pages 72 and 73 of 1982 and pages 99 and 80 of 1978). As can be seen from the above, by 1980, the industrial production of European socialist countries had increased by more than 9 times, reaching more than 60 times compared with that of pre-war 1938, while the industrial growth of European capitalist country Italy was the fastest (there was no information about Greece, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland and other countries in the last book), and it only increased by more than 7 times. Therefore, it is an ironclad fact that industries in socialist countries are developing faster.
Judging from the main industrial products. According to the United Nations data published on page 1982, the per capita electricity consumption of 1979 is 4098 degrees in Bulgaria, 4674 degrees in Czechoslovakia, 2864 degrees in Hungary, 5974 degrees in East Germany, 3324 degrees in Poland and Romania. The per capita electricity consumption of all socialist countries in Eastern Europe exceeded 1.849 kWh of the world's per capita electricity consumption in 1979 (except Czechoslovakia before the war, other Eastern European countries were far below the world's per capita electricity consumption), and the gap between the average level and Western European countries was greatly reduced.
Before World War II, the per capita steel output of Eastern European countries was much lower than that of Germany, Britain and France. 1980 The per capita steel output of Eastern European countries was 452kg, which was lower than that of West Germany (7 12kg), but higher than that of France (43 1kg) and Britain (1982, p. 45).
Faced with the figures of rapid economic growth in socialist countries, some people who try to obliterate the superiority of socialism and the achievements of planned economy will say: because the socialist economy is backward (and these people say that the socialist economy is not as developed as the western capitalist economy, they infer that socialism is not as good as capitalism, and they never talk about the fact that the starting point of the socialist economy is much worse than that of the west. Even as the author of Private Economy in China said, before the war, Eastern Europe was ahead of Western Europe, and the material growth rate was much higher than that of the West. The rapid development of socialism seems to have nothing to do with the social system, but only with the degree of economic development. The more backward the economy is, the higher the development speed is. However, this statement simply cannot stand the test of practice. According to a United Nations statistic, most countries in the world (excluding China, Viet Nam and North Korea) are divided into three groups: developed market economy countries, developing market economy countries, Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. From 1960 to 1980, the average annual growth rate of most physical products in industrial production is as follows:
(Pages 76 and 77 of "1982")
In order to maintain the extremely evil system for profit, the bourgeoisie will inevitably use the resources they control and the scholars they cultivate to spread false words to deceive the masses. The fact is that the defenders of capitalism talk endlessly about the failure of Soviet socialist planned economy and the superiority of capitalist market economy. On the contrary, the speed of industrial development and physical production in eastern European countries of the Soviet Union is much higher than that in two types of market economy countries (developed market economy countries are the United States, Japan, Western Europe, Canada, Australia and other countries, and other non-socialist countries are listed as developing market economy countries by the United Nations). Developing market economy countries have not made their industries grow faster because their economies are far behind the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. On the contrary, when the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries accepted the western suggestions of privatization and free economy that could "enhance economic vitality" and "improve economic efficiency", the average annual growth rate of industry and agriculture was the lowest after the war, and many countries still experienced negative growth. After capitalism, the growth rate of industry and agriculture in this area is far less than that in the socialist period. Therefore, it is obvious which economic system is superior, socialism or capitalism.
——————
The so-called backwardness of the Eastern camp is not due to the slow development of real economic forces such as physical production capacity and science and technology, but the output value determined by the speculative reserve price at the end of the Cold War and the exchange ratio of exchange rates.
Therefore, the so-called GDP (output value or currency) gap between the East and West camps was meaningless during the Cold War. During the Cold War, the comparison of American and Soviet forces published by the western camp or the Soviet economic handbook published by the United States and the Soviet Union were all comparisons of physical production capacity!
During the Cold War, it was impossible for the western camp to mobilize most of the resources and labor of the eastern camp at the expected price or exchange rate. This is not a fact, but a speculative fact. Now that globalization has reversed, this so-called GDP is a fart!
Nationalists and socialists in the middle and lower reaches of the country want to destroy the capitalist world system! Once globalization is reversed, GDP is a fart national strength and living standard!
————
In addition, with the disintegration of the Soviet Union and drastic changes in Eastern Europe, many people say that the planned economy has no innovation ability. Look at western patents. But we don't know how many patents the western countries bought out from the Russian Academy of Sciences and design institutes by taking advantage of Russia's economic difficulties after the disintegration of the Soviet Union. In the field of lathes, Switzerland alone bought out more than 300 patents from Russia. Wan Ciwang's spindle, for example, was originally the result of the Soviet lathe design institute. After being bought out by Switzerland, today's Russian enterprises have to use it and pay high production license fees.
When Russia launched the Ukrainian war and fell out with the West, Putin did not want to pay patent fees, but wanted to rebuild industrial production capacity, because a large number of research results originally came from the Soviet Union. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the West bought out patents cheaply, and the Russian government did have a large number of patent backups of technical materials. Russia tried to use the Ukrainian crisis to crush this intellectual property bondage.