The word "Putonghua" appeared as early as the late Qing Dynasty. 1902, Wu Rulun, a scholar, visited Japan, and the Japanese suggested to him that China should carry out Putonghua education to unify the language. The name "Mandarin" was mentioned in the conversation. 1904, when Qiu Jin, a modern female revolutionary, was studying in Japan, she organized a "lecture liaison meeting" with students studying in Japan, and drew up a booklet, in which the name "Putonghua" appeared. 1906, Zhu, a scholar who studied word segmentation, divided Chinese into "Chinese" (classical Chinese), "Putonghua" and "common sayings" (dialects) in his book Jiangsu Xin Xin. He not only put forward the name of "Mandarin", but also gave a clear definition of "Mandarin". In 1930s, Qu Qiubai put forward in the article "War beyond the Gate of Hell" that "the task of literary revolution is by no means limited to creating some new styles of poems, novels and plays. It should establish a modern Mandarin accent for China. " "Modern Mandarin, a new Chinese language, should be used in all parts of China, with modern" people's words ",polyphony and ending ..."
The definition of "Putonghua" has been unclear for decades before liberation, and there are also different views. After the founding of New China, during the "National Character Reform Conference" and the "Academic Conference on Standardization of Modern Chinese" held in June 1955, the Chinese homonym was officially named "Putonghua", and at the same time, its definition was determined, that is, "taking Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation and northern dialect as the basic dialect". 195510/On October 26th, People's Daily published an editorial entitled "Strive to Promote Chinese Character Reform, Popularize Putonghua and Realize Chinese Standardization". The article mentioned: "The language of China people is the same, that is, Putonghua with northern dialect as the basic dialect and Beijing accent as the standard pronunciation." 1956 On February 6th, the State Council issued an instruction on the promotion of Putonghua, adding the definition of Putonghua as "taking Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm". This definition clarifies the standard of Putonghua from three aspects: pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, which makes the definition of Putonghua more scientific and thorough. Among them, the word "Putonghua" means "universal" and "accessible".
Mandarin is a homonym of modern Chinese, with Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm. This was decided at 1955 National Conference on Character Reform and Academic Conference on Standardization of Modern Chinese. This definition essentially puts forward the standards of Putonghua from three aspects: pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, so how to understand these standards?
"Taking Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation" means taking the phonetic system of Beijing dialect as the standard, and not copying all the pronunciations of Beijing dialect. Putonghua is not equal to Beijing dialect. There are many local accents in Beijing dialect. For example, old Beijingers regard the conjunction "he (hé)" as "hàn", "butterfly (húdié)" as "húdiěr" and "tell (gàosu)" as "gàosong". These local accents are difficult for people in other dialect areas to accept. In addition, there are different pronunciations in Beijing dialect, such as the word "aggression", some people pronounce "q τ nLü è" and others pronounce "Q τ NLü è"; Some people pronounce the word "nearby" as "fǔ j ? n", while others pronounce it as "fǔ j ? n", which also brings a lot of trouble to the popularization of Putonghua. Since 1956, the pronunciation of Beijing dialect has been revised many times, and the standard pronunciation of Putonghua has been formulated. Therefore, at present, the phonetic standard of Putonghua should be based on the Pronunciation Table of Putonghua with Different Pronunciation published by 1985 and the Modern Chinese Dictionary published by 1996.
As far as vocabulary standards are concerned, "dialect based on northern dialect" in Putonghua is based on the common sayings in the vast northern dialect areas, and at the same time, it is necessary to absorb the vocabulary it needs from other dialects. There are also many dialects in northern dialect words. For example, Beijingers describe "evening" as "being late for a long time", "cursing" as "whispering" and "being stingy" as "being stingy". In many northern areas, corn is called a stick, soap is called a pancreas, and steamed bread is called a steamed bun. Therefore, we can't treat all the words in the northern dialect as words in Mandarin, so we should have a choice. Some places in non-northern dialect areas ... >>
Question 2: What is the origin of Putonghua in China? Mandarin, that is, standard Chinese. Putonghua is the common language for communication among all ethnic groups in China, with Beijing accent as the basic pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm. "It is mainly used in the area north of the Yangtze River in Chinese mainland, and Putonghua is generally not spoken in the south of the Yangtze River, because there are Chinese dialects everywhere, and it does not depend on Putonghua". Among them, Cantonese is spoken in Hongkong, China and Macau, China, and Mandarin is also used in official occasions in Taiwan Province Province, China, but the accent is slightly different from that in Chinese mainland.
Putonghua English "Putonghua" comes from Portuguese. Today, Mandarin is the official language of China after the founding of New China, and it is also one of the six official working languages of the United Nations. Article 19 of the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates that "the State promotes the use of Putonghua". People's Republic of China (PRC) National Language Law established the legal status of Putonghua as the "national language".
Putonghua has different names in different parts of China: * * * (including Hong Kong and Macao): Putonghua; Taiwan Province Province: Mandarin; Singapore: Chinese; Academic circles: modern common Chinese.
brief introduction
Mandarin aims at standardization. Mandarin is also the official national language of China. It is used all over the country, including ethnic autonomous areas and areas where ethnic minorities live in compact communities. Article 19 of the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) [2] stipulates that "the State promotes the use of Putonghua". The Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on National Common Language and Characters established the legal status of Putonghua and standardized Chinese characters as "national common language and characters".
Mandarin is a language with northern dialect as its basic dialect and Beijing dialect as its basic pronunciation. This is mainly due to the following reasons [3]:
1. Northern dialect is the main dialect, mainly considering that Beijing is the capital of New China, and Beijingers speak Mandarin. Moreover, as an official dialect, it has a certain promotion history and foundation. Although the Han nationality in the north has its own dialect, it can also speak a little Mandarin. Therefore, in order to stabilize the overall situation, New China adopted Putonghua as the official language.
Second, China has been a multi-ethnic country since ancient times, and different ethnic groups have different languages. In the early days of the People's Republic of China, the United States and the Soviet Union confronted each other. In order to avoid the joint strangulation of foreign hostile forces, New China urgently needs a kind of * * * homonym to realize the communication between New China citizens in different regions, so that the people of the whole country can jointly fight against foreign enemies. Mandarin has been popularized by Manchu people for more than 200 years in the Qing Dynasty, so it continues to be used as an official language.
The development of history
Shang Dynasty
According to records, until the Warring States Period, when a hundred schools of thought contended, they all praised the elegance of the Central Plains, which also shows that people had the same desire of "elegance entering the market" a long time ago.
Sui dynasty
The earliest official policy to promote * * * was discovered in the Sui Dynasty. The Sui Dynasty unified China and made Chang 'an its capital. Because the northern part of China has been ruled by nomadic people in the north for a long time, great changes have taken place in the customs and culture of the Han nationality. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was bent on restoring the rites and music of the Han nationality, and did many measures to restore the culture of the Han nationality, including ordering Lu Fayan and others to compile Qieyun to examine more classic and pure Chinese.
the Tang Dynasty
On the basis of cutting rhyme, the Tang Dynasty formulated Tang rhyme as the standard pronunciation of the Tang Dynasty, stipulating that officials and imperial examinations must use Tang rhyme.
In fact, the pronunciation of Tang poetry based on medieval phonology is very similar to that of Cantonese today, so it is not an exaggeration to call Cantonese the pronunciation of Tang Dynasty.
-See Luo Changpei's Introduction to Chinese Phonology [4], Appendix "Examples of Imitation of Tang Poetry", Zhonghua Book Company, 1956.
Song dynasty
In the Song Dynasty, Guang Yun was formulated on the basis of Tang Yun. After the death of the Northern Song Dynasty, Liu Yuan in the Southern Song Dynasty wrote Ping Yun Shui based on Guang Yun.
the Yuan Dynasty
The capital of the Yuan Dynasty was Dadu, which is today's Beijing. In the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court stipulated that school teaching should use the common language with most phonetics as the main language. Zaju and Sanqu, two new literary forms close to oral language, prevailed in the Yuan Dynasty.
Famous zaju writers Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan and Wang Shifu are cosmopolitan people, and their works Dou Eyuan, Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty and Romance of the West Chamber all reflect the characteristics of Dadu dialect at that time. The Rhyme of Central Plains written by Zhou Deqing in Yuan Dynasty is based on the rhymes of Yuan Zaju. The phonetic system summarized in the book (initials, finals, tones) is quite close to today's Beijing dialect. Therefore, most dialects have become the most primitive basis for the formation of modern Putonghua.
tomorrow
The rule of the Yuan Dynasty for nearly a hundred years has brought about great changes in the traditional rites and music customs, language and culture ...
Question 3: How did Putonghua come from? Where did the dialect first come from? Putonghua takes Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm.
Question 4: Where does the word Putonghua come from? The word "Putonghua" appeared as early as the late Qing Dynasty. 1902, Wu Rulun, a scholar, visited Japan, and the Japanese suggested to him that China should carry out Putonghua education to unify the language. The name "Mandarin" was mentioned in the conversation. 1904, when Qiu Jin, a modern female revolutionary, was studying in Japan, she organized a "lecture liaison meeting" with students studying in Japan, and drew up a booklet, in which the name "Putonghua" appeared. 1906, Zhu, a scholar who studied word segmentation, divided Chinese into "Chinese" (classical Chinese), "Putonghua" and "common sayings" (dialects) in his book Jiangsu Xin Xin. He not only put forward the name of "Mandarin", but also gave a clear definition of "Mandarin". In 1930s, Qu Qiubai put forward in the article "War beyond the Gate of Hell" that "the task of literary revolution is by no means limited to creating some new styles of poems, novels and plays. It should establish a modern Mandarin accent for China. " "Modern Mandarin, a new Chinese language, should be used in all parts of China, with modern" people's words ",polyphony and ending ..."
When Putonghua was first popularized, some people had the following explanation for the popularization of Putonghua in New China: Putonghua promoted in New China was different from that used by feudal rulers. The Putonghua we promote is a communication tool that people master and use on the basis of learning their own language well. In the old society, some bureaucrats regarded their established Mandarin as a "privileged language", which was above the language of the masses, and demanded that the masses accept their ruling education and recognize their bureaucratic system. This era will never come again. When our new China cadres go to the south, they should learn the language of the masses, put down their official airs and mingle with the masses. Mandarin is only used as a communication tool, and no administrative order can restrict the people from speaking their own language!
Question 5: How did Mandarin evolve? Mandarin is the most basic, and the other accents and dialects are all evolved.
Question 6: How did "Mandarin" come from? There are many dialects in China, and there are serious differences between them. Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a homonym of * * * has been formed in formal communication occasions, which is subject to the capital dialect. The word "Mandarin" appeared in the Ming Dynasty, and Xuantongyuan in the Qing Dynasty formally proposed to change "Mandarin" into "Mandarin". 19 12 After the founding of the Republic of China, the name "Mandarin" was affirmed. After the founding of New China, "Mandarin" was changed to "Mandarin".
Question 7: How did Mandarin come from? The origin of Putonghua:
Mandarin was once the official language of ancient northern officials. Because Beijing has visited the capital many times, the official language is closer to Beijing dialect. Today's Nanjing dialect is different from other southern Jiangsu areas, because Nanjing has been to the capital many times, so it is a little close to the official language.
The word "Putonghua" was first put forward by Zhu in 1906. Later, Qu Qiubai and others also put forward the word "Putonghua" and argued with Mao Dun about the actual meaning of Putonghua. Since the May 4th Movement, the status of Beijing phonetics has been established and consolidated in the vernacular movement, catchword movement and Putonghua movement.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, at the "National Conference on Character Reform" held in 1955, Zhang Xiruo explained in the theme report of the conference that the people of China have had the same language for a long time, and now it is called Putonghua, which needs to be further standardized and determined. "This actually has gradually formed the Han language * * * what is it? This is Putonghua with northern dialect as the basic dialect and Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation. " "For simplicity, this national language can also be called Mandarin."
1On February 6th, 956, the State Council issued the Instruction on Popularizing Putonghua, which supplemented and improved the meaning of Putonghua, and formally determined that Putonghua "takes Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm". The word "Putonghua" has been widely used and has a clear connotation.
Hope to adopt. Thank you.
Question 8: How did the word "Mandarin" come from in English? The word "Mandarin" is a transliteration of "Manchu", which means transliteration from Chinese. Also known as the phenomenon of loanword output.
There are many words exported from China in English. These words are "foreign words" for English and "output words" for Chinese. Let's start with the word tea.
Growing and drinking tea was originally a "patent" of China people. Because of foreign trade, tea has spread all over the world, and at the same time, the Chinese term "tea" has also followed. "Tea" is a foreign language "loan word", but it is an "export loan word" in Chinese.
The word "tea" is pronounced tea in English and чай in Russian. English tea is the transliteration of Fujian dialect in China, and Russian чай is the transliteration of northern China dialect. These two transliteration words reflect two ways of exporting tea in China. It is pronounced чай exported to Central Asia and East Asia by land, and tea exported to South Asia and Europe by sea. The exported "tea" has completely entered the foreign language vocabulary, and foreigners can even use it to create new words. For example, "teapot" is a teapot in English and чайник in Russian.
China output a lot of vocabulary. In English, we are familiar with kowtow, sampan, tofu, kung fu and so on. The British call China's dignitaries manda-rin, which is actually a transliteration of "Manrenda". After the word arrived in Britain and the United States, its meaning increased. "Beijing dialect, Putonghua" and "China Putonghua" can all be called Putonghua (Putonghua can also be called Putonghua, which is a complete transliteration of these three words). Strangely enough, calling "China Jacket" Mandarin even led British women to call their evening dress jackets Mandarin jackets.
Question 9: How did Putonghua come into being? When did Putonghua come into being? Broadly speaking, it began to exist in various dynasties. At that time, Mandarin was called Mandarin, which was not widely used. It is mainly used by some officials, businessmen and some people who have been wandering for a long time (that is, the so-called Jianghu people in the novels now) to cope with the pronunciation differences of different languages and facilitate communication. At that time, Putonghua was mostly based on the pronunciation standards of the languages in the capital areas of famous dynasties, and sometimes it was mixed with the accent of the emperor's hometown. Because Beijing was the capital of Ming and Qing Dynasties, Mandarin was basically close to Beijing dialect, which laid the foundation for modern Mandarin. After the Revolution of 1911, new schools were established in various places. In order to unify the language standards in different places, linguists at that time demanded that universities in different places must teach in Putonghua. At this point, Mandarin began to spread widely. The word "Putonghua" began to appear instead of "Mandarin" and became synonymous with widely popular languages. Tell an interesting story. Many Wuhan friends have probably heard of it. When Li became the president of the Republic of China, he held a conference on language and writing. Because the pronunciation basis of Putonghua was not completely determined at that time, the conference decided to vote on which dialect to use as the pronunciation standard of Putonghua. As a martial artist, Li ranks first among the presidents, and he vigorously promotes Wuhan dialect as the pronunciation basis of Putonghua. Results After the voting results were announced, Beijing dialect narrowly beat Putonghua by only one or two votes, which became the pronunciation standard of Putonghua. Up to now, many old people in Wuhan have regarded this as a joke. After the founding of New China, the word "Putonghua" and its definition were used, and on this basis, the pronunciation was improved and revised, which became the common Putonghua today. One more thing: Putonghua used in Taiwan Province, Hongkong and Macau is closer to the standard of Putonghua in the Republic of China. * * * After retreating to Taiwan Province Province, Putonghua was vigorously promoted in Taiwan Province Province, which greatly reduced the use of local dialects, especially banned Japanese left over from the Japanese colonial period, thus greatly standardizing the standard theory of language, which is why people in Taiwan Province Province can speak very good Putonghua now. As for Putonghua in Hong Kong and Macao, it was spread there after taking refuge in various parts of the country during the Republic of China and the Anti-Japanese War.
Adopt it
Question 10: How many Chinese dialects are there in China, and how did Putonghua come from? The Language of China, a large national monograph compiled by the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of China Academy of Social Sciences, was published in June 65438+1October 65438+August. The book is divided into seven parts: introduction, Sino-Tibetan language family, Altai language family, austronesian family language family, South Asian language family, Indo-European language family and mixed language family. It contains 129 languages distributed in China, and each language has an English abstract of about 500 words.
Many people may wonder why there are 129 languages in China, where there are 56 nationalities. In the second chapter of the introduction, The Language of China gives a brief answer to China's language identification, that is, some ethnic groups in China use two or more languages.
China's minority language, China, is rich in languages, which is rare in the world. According to statistics, there are more than 80 languages in use in China, and countless ancient languages have died out. There are 55 ethnic minorities in China. * * * and Manchu generally use Chinese. Other ethnic minorities have their own national languages, and some ethnic groups have more than two. For example, Yugur people use Yugur people in the east and Yugur people in the west respectively, and Yao people use Mian, Bunu and Raja respectively. All the minority languages in China belong to five language families. 1. Sino-Tibetan languages: Zhuang, Dong-Zhuang, Dong, Dai, Buyi, Shui, Mulao, Maonan, Raja, gelao language, Li, etc. Burmese, Tibetan, Jiarong, Menba, Barrow, Tujia, Qiang, Pumi, Dulong, Nu, Yi, Naxi, hani language, Lahu, Bai, Jino, Jingpo, Zawa and Arnold. Miao and Yao languages-Miao, Bunu, Mian, She, etc. 2. Altaic language family: Turkic language family-* * Turkic, Kazakh, Kirgiz, Uzbek, Tatar, Salar, Tuva and western Yugur. Mongolian-Mongolian, Daur, Dongxiang, Yugur, Tu and Baoan in the east. Manchu-Tungusic-Manchu, Xibe, Hezhe, Ewenki and Oroqen. 3. South Asian language family: Mon-Khmer language family-Wa language, Benglong language and Brown language. 4. Austronesian language family: Indonesian language family-Paiwan, Bunen, Ames, etc. 5. Indo-European family: Iranian family-Tajik family. Slavic language family-Giros language. In addition, there are Korean and Beijing languages. It is not clear which language family they belong to.
Well, specifically, there may be dialects in 10, especially in the southeast coastal areas.
I remember reading a story before, saying that our radios were always cracked by the Japanese class during the Anti-Japanese War, which led us not to lose many opportunities. Later, I asked people from a local mountain village in Zhejiang to spread the news. As a result, when they spread it, the Japanese devils couldn't understand it face to face. Although the spread is slow, it is safe. Even if they are caught by the Japanese, they can't be tortured, because only the people in that village can understand the dialect they speak.
As for Putonghua, please refer to Baidu Encyclopedia: Putonghua baike.baidu/view/4591# 3.