Nutritional feed additive
1, vitamin feed additive It is a single or compound vitamin produced by synthesis or purification. Commonly used are vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, B vitamins and choline chloride. In beef cattle, because rumen microorganisms can synthesize most B vitamins, such as feed supply balance, this vitamin deficiency generally does not occur. However, fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K should be supplemented separately.
2. Trace elements feed additives The trace elements that livestock often lack are copper, zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt, iodine and selenium. Generally, it is made into a composite additive to add.
Three points should be paid attention to when using: ① Strictly control the dosage and pay attention to the mixing process. If the mixing is uneven, it will bring losses to production; (2) We must consider the relationship between these elements, some of which will have antagonistic effects and reduce the utilization rate, thus failing to play their due roles; (3) These elements are generally added by salts containing this element, and these salts often contain certain crystal water, so attention should be paid to drying and sealing when using them.
3. Amino acid additives Amino acid additives used in livestock feed are generally the most indispensable essential amino acids in plant feed, such as methionine and lysine.
4. Urea is a non-protein nitrogen substance, which can be added to the diet of ruminants such as beef cattle to supplement nitrogen. Commonly used are urea, biuret, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium chloride, etc.
Non-nutritive feed additive
This feed additive itself has no nutritional function in feed, but it has the functions of stimulating metabolism, expelling worms and preventing diseases. Some of them protect feed.
1, adding a small amount of antibiotics to antibiotic feed can play a role in preventing and treating diseases.
2. Growth promoter can promote growth and improve feed utilization rate. Growth hormone, androgen, zearalanol, arsenic preparation, copper preparation, etc.
3. Protective agent Any feed containing a lot of fat, because fat and fat-soluble vitamins are easy to oxidize and deteriorate in the air (especially in high temperature season), will affect the feeding effect when feeding beef cattle. Therefore, antioxidants are often added for protection. Commonly used antioxidants include butyl hydroxyanisole, butyl hydroxytoluene, ethoxyquin and so on. In addition, there are mildew inhibitors, such as propionic acid and calcium propionate, as well as colorants and flavoring agents.
Functions of feed additives
Nutritional feed additive
Nutritional feed additives mainly include vitamin additives, trace element additives and amino acid additives.
(l) Vitamin additives: Pigs have little demand for vitamins, but their functions are extremely important, mainly to maintain the normal metabolism of the body. Among them, vitamin A mainly regulates the metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and fat, and has the function of protecting skin and mucosa. Vitamin D mainly regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism; Vitamin E can promote gonad development and reproduction. Vitamin K can promote the formation of prothrombin and has hemostatic effect. Vitamin B2 can improve the utilization rate of protein. Choline can prevent fatty liver; Vitamin C can increase the resistance to disease infection and reduce the stress response of the body.
(2) Trace element additives: The trace elements needed for raising pigs mainly include copper, zinc, iron, manganese, iodine, cobalt, molybdenum, selenium, chromium and other elements. These elements have comprehensive functions such as regulating metabolism, promoting growth and development, improving carcass quality, enhancing disease resistance and improving feed conversion rate.
(3) Amino acid additive: Amino acid is the main component in the synthesis of protein in pigs. The essential amino acids for pigs include lysine, methionine, tryptophan, threonine and so on 10. The main function of adding amino acids is to make up for the shortage of amino acids in feed and make full use of other amino acids, thus saving a lot of high-quality protein feed such as bean cake (powder) and fish meal and reducing the feeding cost.
Non-nutritive feed additive
Non-nutritive feed additives mainly include health care additives, feed quality protection additives and product quality improvement additives.
(l) Health additives: These additives can inhibit the reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms, improve some physiological processes of pigs, improve feed utilization, promote the growth of pigs and increase the economic benefits of pigs. It mainly includes antibiotic additives and various growth promoters.
(2) Feed quality protection additives: Because some ingredients in feed are easy to be oxidized in the air, or easy to deteriorate in high temperature and high humidity environment, some antioxidants and mildew-proof preservatives are usually added to feed, which can effectively protect feed quality. At present, the commonly used antioxidants are mainly oxypyridine, dibutylhydroxytoluene, vitamin C, vitamin E and so on. Mildew-proof preservatives mainly include propionic acid, sodium propionate, citric acid and sodium citrate.
(3) Additives to improve product quality: mainly used in pig production to promote the growth of lean meat, improve carcass lean meat rate, improve pork quality and reduce feeding costs.
(4) New feed additive: Mould preparation has no toxicity, residue and side effects, and is an excellent new feed additive for promoting growth. Commonly used are amylase, protease, lipase, cellulase and phytase. Microecological agents are bio-high-tech growth-promoting additives, such as lactic acid bacteria, streptococcus, bifidobacteria, yeast and so on. Chinese herbal medicines, such as licorice, astragalus, garlic, hawthorn, etc. It will not produce drug resistance and drug resistance because of its unique anti-parasite mechanism. Organic acids include fumaric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, formic acid, etc. In recent years, new feed additives such as betaine, fluorite, medical stone, rare earth and unknown factors have been discovered and developed successfully.