Since 1997, some citizens and students in Beijing have also taken action to voluntarily put in and collect used batteries. Young volunteers from Renmin University also helped a chain store in Beijing set up a recycling bin for used batteries. Some universities, primary and secondary schools and some retired people in Beijing have tried garbage sorting one after another. With the help of China Youth Daily's intimate sister and a female doctor who returned from studying in Germany, the children of "Hand in Hand Global Village" also started a school with the recovered money.
On April 23rd, 1999, Gong Jian Li Nan Community, located in Baizhifang, Xuanwu District, was as lively as a festival, and the first garbage sorting and recycling system in China was officially launched. From this day on, residents will change the way of garbage mixing and divide it into three categories: organic, inorganic and waste soil. The government sanitation department will change the way of mixed transportation and classify it for cleaning, sorting and recycling. It means that the old tradition that has been lost for many years here has finally been picked up.
In 20 10, more than 700 pilot projects were carried out in schools, restaurants and communities in China. A garbage disposal machine is installed, which can burn 90% of the garbage and decompose the residue into organic fertilizer.
From 20 10, Beijing began to gradually implement garbage sorting in the whole city. The data show that in June of 20 10, there were 2927 residential areas classified by garbage, which produced 200,000 tons of domestic garbage, but the separation amount of kitchen waste was less than 10% of the actual output.
20 10 10 18 to 18+02 17 "Beijing Municipal Domestic Waste Management Regulations (Draft)" was publicly solicited for public comments, which stipulated that "those who do not meet the requirements of domestic waste classification management shall be ordered by the comprehensive law enforcement department of urban management to make corrections within a time limit. Impose a fine of not less than 5,000 yuan but not more than 50,000 yuan on the unit. "
2011118 The official regulations were passed by the Standing Committee of the Municipal People's Congress, and the clause of "fines will be imposed if garbage is not classified" was deleted. In this regard, the relevant person in charge of the Municipal Legislative Affairs Office once said that the deletion of this clause fully adopted the opinions of the public. At the same time, the official regulations suggest that the city should gradually establish a charging system for domestic waste treatment according to the principles of more emissions and more payments, less emissions and less payments, more payments for mixed garbage and less payments for classified garbage. Specific measures shall be formulated by the Municipal People's Government.
The Regulations of Beijing Municipality on the Management of Domestic Waste, which came into effect on March 12, 2002, proposed to gradually establish a charging system for domestic waste treatment with metering and classified pricing. But as of now, specific measures have not yet been introduced.
2013May 16, in Fujin Jiayuan Community, Hu Axiang Town, Fengtai District, garbage collection points were set up with trash cans of different colors. Zaoyuan Beili, located in Huangcun, Daxing, is the first batch of waste sorting pilot communities in Beijing. Many people come here to learn from the scriptures. However, on August 29th, in this once "star community", several kitchen waste bins were littered with sports shoes, while other bins were full of peels and other things. On March 25th, 20 10, Hangzhou officially started the garbage sorting work. After several years' summary and exploration, the "Hangzhou Model" of garbage sorting, delivery, collection, transportation and disposal has been basically established.
The theoretical study of domestic waste classification in Hangzhou can be traced back to the 1980s. Since 1983, Hangzhou Institute of Environmental Sanitation has been tracking and investigating the output and physical and chemical components of domestic waste in Hangzhou for a long time, providing basic data and technical support for the formulation of domestic waste classification scheme. From 1984 to 1985, according to the physical and chemical composition of domestic waste at that time, Hangzhou Institute of Environmental Health Science carried out the research on aerobic composting technology of organic waste, successfully developed the rapid high-temperature aerobic composting technology, and obtained the national patent, which was included in the domestic waste treatment promotion project of the Ministry of Construction at that time. Later, a series of research projects were organized, such as Research on the Classified Collection Mode of Urban Domestic Waste in Hangzhou, Research on the Classified Emission Reduction Scheme of Domestic Waste in Hangzhou, and Research and Demonstration on the Recycling Technology of Rural Domestic Waste in Hangzhou, which laid a theoretical foundation for promoting the classification of domestic waste.
In 2009, the output of domestic waste in Hangzhou maintained a growth rate of about 10% for the fourth consecutive year. The annual output of municipal solid waste reaches 2.3472 million tons/year, with an average daily output of 64.365438 million +0 tons/day. The disposal method of "landfill is the main method, supplemented by incineration" is unsustainable. A large number of primary domestic garbage enters the landfill, and valuable strategic support resources for landfill are rapidly consumed. At the same time, mass incidents caused by garbage disposal in domestic brother cities have been staged constantly, and the construction of large-scale garbage transfer stations in Hangzhou has also been blocked, which has aroused the high vigilance of the municipal party Committee and municipal government. In this context, in order to solve the contradiction between domestic waste transportation and transfer station construction, in August 2009 10, Wang Guoping, former secretary of the municipal party Committee, put forward the concept of "clean direct garbage transportation", and then formally proposed to promote garbage classification. In September, the municipal government held a special meeting to clearly put forward the overall requirements and work deployment of domestic waste classification. 20 10 February, the municipal party Committee and municipal government jointly issued the Implementation Plan for Promoting the Classified Collection and Disposal of Domestic Waste in Hangzhou.
Based on the basic practices of municipal solid waste classification at home and abroad, and in line with the principle of "broad classification, scientific and reasonable, convenient and beneficial to the people", Hangzhou finally decided to divide domestic solid waste into four categories: recyclable, harmful waste, kitchen waste and other wastes. The classification standard system of domestic waste in Hangzhou city has been formed.
1. Formulate the classification method and identification standard of domestic waste. On the basis of national standards, a set of garbage classification signs with Hangzhou characteristics was designed. According to the different characteristics of the four types of garbage, four theme colors, blue, red, green and yellow, are used to distinguish clearly, and the colors, fonts and graphic symbols of large and small signs are specified, so that the colors are clearly distinguished, the signs are easy to identify and classify for the public.
2. Formulate technical standards for facilities related to garbage sorting. The design guidelines for the construction and renovation of domestic garbage collection points (houses) in Hangzhou were formulated, and the general technical requirements for domestic garbage bags in Hangzhou were formulated, which stipulated the technical requirements, inspection rules, inspection methods and signs of the structure, material, appearance, color, volume, size and thickness of domestic garbage bags, which provided a basis for the bidding and procurement of garbage bags. The Technical Requirements for Domestic Waste Classified Collection Containers in Hangzhou was formulated, and the technical conditions, colors, volumes, dimensions and standards of classified garbage bins were stipulated.
3. Formulate the whole process classification scheme of "four classifications and four stages". According to the classification method, combined with the existing resources in Hangzhou, the treatment methods of four types of garbage are defined. Focusing on the classification of kitchen waste, kitchen waste enters Tianziling landfill for ecological landfill and biogas power generation. Other garbage enters the garbage incineration plant for incineration and power generation; Recyclable materials are recycled through the existing waste recycling system; Hazardous waste has been incorporated into hazardous waste management for safe disposal; Basically realize the whole process classification of "classified delivery, classified collection, classified transportation and classified disposal", so as to promote the garbage classification work in an orderly manner.
In order to ensure the solid and effective promotion of garbage sorting, the municipal party committee and municipal government have provided a strong guarantee in terms of policies and funds. On the one hand, clear policy guarantee. Hangzhou has issued more than 20 policy documents, such as Implementation Opinions on Domestic Waste Classification in Hangzhou, Implementation Measures for Domestic Waste Classification in Hangzhou, Implementation Plan for Domestic Waste Classification in Hangzhou, Assessment Measures for Collection and Disposal of Domestic Waste Classification in Hangzhou, and Implementation Opinions on Developing Voluntary Service for Domestic Waste Classification, which have defined the guiding ideology, working principles, objectives and tasks, post responsibilities and funding guarantee measures. Domestic waste classification will also be included in the assessment of urban management objectives from city to district. On the other hand, implement financial guarantee. Since the implementation of waste sorting, the urban two-level finance has invested about 60 million yuan in special funds for waste sorting every year, including 6.5438+million yuan for classified publicity, 30 million yuan for garbage bins, garbage bags and other facilities, and 20 million yuan for community work. According to the supporting policies of city finance 1: 1, each city government has implemented the corresponding facilities guarantee funds to ensure the smooth progress of garbage sorting.
In order to strengthen the organization and leadership of garbage classification, the Hangzhou Municipal Government has set up a leading group to promote the classified collection and disposal of domestic garbage in Hangzhou, with the deputy mayor in charge of the municipal government as the leader and the deputy secretary-general as the deputy leader, and its members include more than 40 departments including the Propaganda Department of the Municipal Party Committee, the Organization Department, the Municipal Urban Management Committee and the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau. Party committees and governments in various urban areas attach great importance to it, and have also set up corresponding organizations and formulated implementation plans to promote the work. Each urban district has also established a district head contact point system, defined tasks, implemented responsibilities, and established a four-level management network of city, district, street and community to solidly promote the development of garbage sorting. At the same time, a working group was set up. Based on the professional backbone of urban management in cities, districts and streets, a team of "100" teachers will be established to carry out publicity and training on garbage classification for the whole city. On the basis of community urban management attendants and health coordinators, a team of "thousand-person" instructors was established to guide residents to put garbage on the spot. Together with the Youth League Committee and the Women's Federation, we recruited enthusiastic citizens to participate and set up a "10,000-person" volunteer team to enrich community work.
The propaganda and mobilization work was widely and deeply carried out in a way that was loved by the masses and combined with points and areas. On the surface, strengthen publicity. Actively cooperate with the media, increase the propaganda of garbage classification, and follow up the good measures and methods in garbage classification in cities, streets and communities; Make garbage sorting cartoons and public service advertisements, and broadcast them on TV stations, buses, outdoor big screens, building TVs and other carriers; Make and distribute publicity materials such as fans, aprons and umbrellas printed with garbage classification content, and publicize garbage classification in a simple way. Establish a garbage classification website and exchange work experience. Pay attention to training and education. Do a good job in hierarchical training, carry out the "one lesson in one district in January" training activities, popularize the knowledge of garbage classification through conducting garbage classification training and education, public forums, square consultation, on-site exchanges, visits to educational bases, etc., and clarify the significance of doing a good job in garbage classification. Garbage classification knowledge into the campus. In conjunction with the Municipal Education Bureau, 200,000 copies of Hangzhou Municipal Domestic Waste Classification Comic Book were compiled for kindergarten to primary school grade three, 73,000 copies of Garbage Classification Knowledge Reader for primary school grade four to grade six, 70,000 copies of Garbage Baby Home for junior high school students, 60,000 copies of Garbage Baby Home for senior high school students and 6,000 copies of Garbage Baby Home handbook.
On the basis of unifying the garbage classification standards, we should brainstorm, work together and innovate measures to encourage and guide cities, streets and communities to do their own things and improve the effectiveness of garbage classification. 1. Implement the "real name registration system" for garbage classification (referred to as "household system"). That is, put the household name on the special bag for kitchen waste to publicize and supervise the classification of domestic waste. 2. Try "coded garbage bags". That is, the bar code is printed on the kitchen waste garbage bag of every household, and the classification quality is tracked, guided and supervised by digital technology. 3. Pilot "garbage does not land". In other words, in conditional communities, garbage bins will be cancelled, and residents will directly put garbage into sorting and collection vehicles sooner or later. These measures have greatly improved the quality of garbage sorting and produced good response in society.
Under the guidance of all-round publicity, Hangzhou citizens have changed from unfamiliar to familiar, and never learned to actively participate in garbage sorting. The concept of "garbage classification" is being accepted by the general public, and there has been a change from "I want to divide" to "I want to divide". The latest opinion polls show that the public's understanding, support and satisfaction with garbage classification have improved. Among them, 98% of the citizens expressed their understanding of garbage sorting; 8 1. 15% residents think that the living environment of garbage sorting has been effectively improved; 89.60% of the citizens are satisfied with the government's efforts to promote waste sorting; 93% of the citizens support and compare garbage sorting.
The effect of garbage classification is gradually emerging. First, the reduction effect began to appear. After the implementation of garbage sorting, the growth rate of garbage in the main city began to slow down. Second, the use of resources is more effective. The physical and chemical analysis of garbage shows that the moisture content of other garbage after classification is 29.8%, which is 23.5% lower than that of mixed garbage. The calorific value reaches 10600kj/kg, which is 2.5 times that of mixed garbage, and can greatly improve the efficiency of garbage incineration power generation. Third, the environment has been effectively improved. According to the statistical survey, "92. 1% of the citizens think that after the kitchen waste is classified, the most direct feeling is that the smell of the garbage in the community is reduced and the environmental sanitation in the community is improved"; The operation of the incineration plant is more stable, the furnace temperature is improved, and the pollutant discharge standard is steadily improved.
Several years of practice have made Hangzhou have a deeper understanding of garbage classification, mainly as follows:
(A) publicity and education is the forerunner. Publicity and education are very important and play a decisive role in the whole garbage sorting work. First of all, we should tell you why and how to divide it, let the public know the relevant knowledge of garbage classification, clarify the significance of garbage classification, and enhance the sense of responsibility of garbage classification, so as to consciously participate in daily garbage classification actions.
(2) Training guidance is the foundation. Popularizing "garbage classification knowledge" to everyone by relying on professional garbage classification teachers is the basis of popularizing garbage classification. Among them, it is particularly important to consolidate and cultivate the knowledge and concept of garbage classification of community workers, property managers and volunteers, and give play to their persuasion and guidance role on the spot.
(3) Community family is the main body. Community is the specific promoter of garbage sorting, and its role directly affects the success or failure of this work. It is necessary to encourage and guide community cadres to do what they can, constantly innovate measures, improve the effectiveness of their work, and consciously push the garbage sorting work deeper; Family members' conscious garbage classification is the key to the success of garbage classification, and the focus of work should be on guiding residents to consciously classify and improving the quality of garbage classification.
(D) Evaluation and supervision are the means. In the case of imperfect legal system, there is still a lack of effective means to restrain the behavior of garbage unclassification. It is still an effective way to implement graded assessment and supervision through the city to the district and the district to the street. It is necessary to encourage urban areas, streets and communities to attach importance to garbage sorting by improving the assessment methods and scientifically setting assessment objectives, and strive to make garbage sorting true, practical and in place.
(5) Perseverance is the key. Garbage sorting is a long-term social project, and its effect is not limited to a period of time. "Persistence" is the basis of achieving the goal of garbage classification. The government should focus on garbage sorting for a long time, and through long-term persistence and unremitting efforts, the public's confidence in "garbage sorting" can be established. 20 1 1 On April 7th, the Interim Provisions on the Classified Management of Urban Domestic Waste in Guangzhou came into effect. Guangzhou became the first city in China to legislate for the classification of municipal solid waste. The goal of this work is to realize the garbage classification rate of 50%, the resource recovery rate of 16%, the resource treatment rate of 90%, the terminal treatment rate of less than 75% and the harmless treatment rate of 85%. 20 12 Establish a perfect garbage collection and treatment system. According to the regulations, Guangzhou's domestic waste can be divided into four categories: recyclables, kitchen waste, harmful waste and other wastes. Garbage classification will run through the whole process of garbage production, delivery, collection, transportation and treatment.
On July 9, 2065438, Guangzhou Urban Management Committee announced the deadline for all towns to fully implement domestic waste classification, in which the whole city 13 1 street was before the end of 20 12, and the remaining 35 towns were before the end of 20 13. At the same time, the Municipal Urban Management Committee also requested to establish a complete system of domestic waste classification, collection, transportation and treatment within the city within two years.
According to the goal of "achieving a breakthrough in garbage disposal within three years", Guangzhou has also formulated a detailed implementation plan. In 20 12, Class A was the demonstration area of domestic waste classification, and the domestic waste classification reached the popularization stage, and 50% of the streets reached the full implementation stage; Class B, complete the whole street promotion task, the classification of domestic waste has reached the primary promotion stage, and 30% of the streets have reached the popularization stage; Class C, the classification of domestic waste will be fully promoted before the end of the year, and the classification of domestic waste will reach the primary stage of promotion, and 20% of the streets will reach the primary stage of promotion; Class D, carry out the propaganda of domestic waste classification and carry out the pilot project of township domestic waste classification.
In 20 13, the city comprehensively carried out the classification of urban and rural domestic waste. 80% of Class A 16 streets will enter the stage of full implementation; Class B, 50% of the streets have reached the popularization stage; Class C, 30% of the streets reach the primary stage of promotion; Class D, 65,438+0,000% of the towns began to promote domestic waste classification, and 50% of the towns reached the initial stage of promotion.
It is understood that by 20 15, Class A and B streets will be fully implemented and demonstration areas will be built; And half of Class C streets have reached the popularization stage, and all Class D towns have reached the initial stage of popularization. From 65438 to 0999, Shanghai City Appearance and Environmental Sanitation Bureau compiled the Implementation Plan for Classified Collection and Disposal of Domestic Waste in Shanghai, which determined the standards of domestic waste classification according to "organic waste", "inorganic waste" and "toxic harmful waste" for the first time, and the work of garbage classification and promotion began. 20 10 Shanghai issued the Notice of the Shanghai Municipal People's Government on Printing and Distributing Several Opinions on Further Strengthening the Management of Domestic Waste in this Municipality (Hu Fufa [2065438+00] No.9), clearly promoting the whole process classification of domestic waste. On 20 12 1 month, the Shanghai Municipal Commission of Construction and Communications and the Municipal Bureau of Greening and City Appearance jointly issued the Notice on Printing and Distributing (Hu Jian Crosslinking [2012] No.27), which clarified the classification standards, collection container settings, classification identification and other specifications. 20 14 February, the Shanghai municipal government issued the Measures for Promoting the Classification and Reduction of Domestic Waste in Shanghai (No.Hu Fuling [2065 438+02] 14) (hereinafter referred to as the "Measures"), which determined the new classification standards of domestic waste. The formulation and implementation of the "Measures" means that the work of waste classification and reduction in Shanghai has entered a new stage of legalization.