1945, the first fully automatic electronic digital computer "ENIAC" was produced in the United States (abbreviated as ENIAC in English, which means electronic digital integrator and calculator in Chinese). It was developed by Oberdin weapon test range in the United States to meet the needs of trajectory calculation. The main inventors are eckert, an electrical engineer, and Dr. Mochili, a physicist. This computer was delivered in February of 1946 and served for 9 years. It uses electron tubes as the basic components of the computer, and can add and subtract 5000 times per second. It uses18,000 lamps,10,000 capacitors and 7,000 resistors, with a volume of 3,000 cubic feet, an area of 170 square meters, a weight of 30 tons and a power consumption of 140 ~ 150 kilowatts. It is a veritable "monster".
The advent of ENIAC is of epoch-making significance, which indicates the arrival of the computer age. In the next 40 years, computer technology has developed extremely rapidly, and no subject in the history of human science and technology can compare with the development speed of electronic computers.
The following describes the hardware structure and system characteristics of each generation of computers:
The first generation (1946~ 1958): electronic tube digital computer.
The logic element of the computer adopts electron tube, and the main memory adopts mercury delay line, magnetic drum and magnetic core; The external memory adopts magnetic tape; The software mainly adopts machine language and assembly language; The application is mainly based on scientific calculation. It is characterized by large volume, high power consumption, poor reliability, high price and complicated maintenance, but it lays the foundation for future computer technology.
The second generation (1958~ 1964): transistor digital computer.
The invention of transistor promoted the development of computer. After using transistors as logic elements, the size of the computer is greatly reduced, the power consumption is reduced, the reliability is improved, and the performance is greatly improved compared with the first generation computer.
Main memory adopts magnetic core, and external memory has begun to use more advanced disks; The software has made great progress, and various high-level languages and their compilers have appeared, as well as batch-based operating systems, which are mainly used in scientific calculation and various transaction processing, and have begun to be applied to industrial control.
The third generation (1964~ 197 1): integrated circuit digital computer.
In 1960s, small and medium-sized integrated circuits (SSI, MSI) were used as logic components of computers, which made computers smaller, lower in power consumption, higher in reliability, and greatly improved in performance compared with the tenth generation computers. At this time, minicomputers are also booming and their application fields are expanding day by day.
The main memory still uses magnetic core, the software is gradually improved, and many high-level languages such as time-sharing operating system and conversation language have made new development.
The fourth generation (197 1 year later): large-scale integrated circuit digital computer.
Large-scale integrated circuits (LSI) are used for logic elements and main memory of computers. The so-called large-scale integrated circuit refers to an integrated circuit that integrates 1000~2000 or more transistors on a single silicon chip, and its integration level is more than 1~2 orders of magnitude higher than that of small and medium-sized integrated circuits. At this time, the computer has developed to the stage of miniaturization, low power consumption and high reliability. Large scale integrated circuits have developed military industry, space technology and atomic energy technology. The vigorous development of these fields has put forward higher requirements for computers and effectively promoted the unprecedented development of the computer industry. With the rapid development of large-scale integrated circuit technology, computers not only develop in the direction of supercomputers, but also advance rapidly in the direction of subminiature computers and microcomputers. 197 1 At the end of the year, the world's first microprocessor and microcomputer were born in Silicon Valley in the south of San Francisco, USA, which ushered in a new era of microcomputers. Since then, various microprocessors and microcomputers have mushroomed and flooded the market, becoming the best-selling products at that time. This momentum is still in the ascendant today. Especially after the birth of IBM-PC series computers, the world microcomputer market was almost unified, and various compatible computers came out one after another.
2. Modern computer stage (i.e. traditional mainframe stage)
The so-called modern computer refers to replacing outdated mechanical or relay technology with advanced electronic technology.
Modern computers have experienced more than half a century of development, and the outstanding representatives of this period are British scientist Turing and Hungarian-American scientist von Neumann.
Turing's contributions to modern computers include: establishing the theoretical model of Turing machine and developing the computability theory; Turing test that defines machine intelligence is put forward.
Von Neumann's main contribution is to establish the basic structure of modern computers, that is, the von Neumann structure. Its characteristics can be summarized as follows:
(1) Use a single processing unit to complete calculation, storage and communication;
(2) The storage unit is a linear organization with fixed length;
(3) the cells of the storage space are directly addressed;
(4) Using machine language, instructions can complete simple operations through operation codes;
(5) Centralized sequential control of calculation.
The generation principle of modern computers is mainly divided according to the different electronic devices used by computers. This is what people usually call the four generations of electron tubes, transistors, integrated circuits and VLSI.
1666, Samuel Moran of England invented a mechanical counting machine which can calculate addend and subtraction.
1673, gottfried leibniz made a counter with stepped cylindrical wheel, which was called "ladder calculator". This calculator can multiply repeated numbers and automatically add them to the adder.
1694, German mathematician gottfried leibniz improved Pascal's Pascal, and made a machine that can calculate multipliers. It is still operated by gears and dials.
1773, Philip matthaeus manufactured and sold a small number of computers accurate to 12 digits.
1775, the third earl of Stanhope invented a multiplication calculator similar to Leibniz.
In 1786, J.H.Mueller designed a differential extension, but unfortunately there was no money to manufacture it.
180 1 year, Joseph-Marie jacquard's loom used punch cards to control the knitting pattern.
1854, george boole published "Investigation of Thought Laws", which talked about symbols and logical reasoning, and later became the basic concept of computer design.
1858, a telegraph line crossed the Atlantic for the first time and provided service for several days.
186 1 year, a transcontinental telegraph line connects the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.
1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone and obtained a patent.
From 1876 to 1878, Baron Kelvin made the overtone analyzer and tidal forecasting machine.
1882, William S. Burroughs quit his job as a bank clerk and devoted himself to inventing the adder.
1889, herman hollerith's electric tabulator performed well in the competition and was used in the population survey of 1890. Herman hollerith adopted the concept of jacquard loom to calculate. He used a card to store data and then injected it into the machine to compile the results. This machine enables the results of the population survey to be obtained in just six weeks, which takes ten years.
1893, invented the first four-function calculator.
1895, Guillermo Marconi sent a broadcast signal.
1896, Horace founded the watchmaking company.
190 1 year, the punch key appeared, and it has not changed much in the next half century.
1904, John a Fleming obtained the patent of vacuum diode, which laid the foundation of radio communication.
1906, Li defudet added a diode with a third valve in Fermin, creating a three-electrode vacuum tube.
1907, recorded music formed the first official radio station in new york.
1908, British scientist Campbell swinton? The electronic scanning method and the prediction of making TV with cathode ray tube are described.
19 1 1 year, Hollerith's watch machine company merged with two other companies to form the computer watchmaking and recording company (C-T-R), a watchmaking and recording company. But in 1924, it was renamed International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).
19 1 1 year, Dutch physicist Kamerlingh Onnes discovered superconductivity at Leiden University.
193 1 year, Fannie Bush invented a counting machine that can solve the difference program. This machine can solve some complicated difference programs that are a headache for mathematicians and scientists.
1935, IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) introduced "IBM 60 1", which is a punch card machine with arithmetic components, and can calculate the multiplier within 1 second. It plays a great role in scientific computing and commercial computing. A total of 1500 units were manufactured.
1937, alan turing put forward the concept of "universal machine", which can execute any algorithm, and formed the basic concept of "computability". Turing's concept is superior to other inventions of the same type because he uses the concept of symbol processing.
10 In October, John Vincent Atansov and john berry made a 16-bit adder. This is the first machine to calculate with vacuum tubes.
1939, Zuse and Schreyer created "V2" [later called Z2], which followed the mechanical storage of Z 1 and added a new arithmetic component by using relay logic. But when Zuze finished the draft, the plan was suspended for a year.
In 1939-40, Schreyer completed the 10 bit adder with vacuum tube and the memory with neon lamp.
1940 In June, Bell Laboratories, Samuel Williams and Stiby Z completed a machine that can calculate complex numbers. It was called "Complex Calculator" and later renamed as I (Model I Relay Calculator). It uses telephone switches as logic elements: 145 circuit breaker and 10 bar switch. Numbers are represented by "plus 3BCD". In September of the same year, the teletypewriter was installed at a math conference and connected from New Hampshire to new york.
1940, Zuse finally completed Z2, which is better than the operation, but not very reliable.
194 1 in the summer of, atanasoff and Berry completed a calculator specially designed for solving linear equations, which was later called "ABC (atanasoff Berry Computer)". It has a 60Hz 50-bit memory, which is installed on two rotating drums in the form of capacitors. clock
194 1 In February, Zuse completed "V3" (later called Z3), which was the first computer that could be programmed to run. It also uses floating-point operation, 7-bit exponent, 14 mantissa and a symbol. The memory can store 64 words, so 1400 circuit breakers are needed. It has more than 1200 operation and control elements, and its programming, input and output are the same as Z 1. 1943 65438+ 10 Howard H. Aiken completed "ASCC Mark I", also known as "Ha Wardemark I". This machine is 5 1 ft long and weighs 5 tons. It consists of 750,000 parts. It has 72 accumulators, each with its own arithmetic unit and a 23-bit register.
194365438+In February, Tommy Flowers and his team completed the first "colossus", which has 2400 vacuum tubes as logic components and five paper tape readers, each of which can work 5000 characters per second.
1943 Under the leadership of John Brainered, ENIAC began its research. John Mochri and J Presper eckert are responsible for the implementation of this plan.
1946v the first electronic digital integral calculator (ENIAC) was made in the United States.
1947, American Computer Association (ACM) was founded.
1947, Britain completed the first storage vacuum tube O 1948 Bell Telephone Company developed semiconductors.
1949, EDSAC was built in Britain.
1950 the word "automation" was first used in the automobile industry.
195 1 year, and the magnetic core is manufactured by MIT.
1952, the first "stored program calculator" was born.
1952, the first large-scale computer system IBM70 1 announced the completion of construction.
1952, the first symbolic language translator was invented successfully.
1954, Bell Telephone Company successfully developed the first semiconductor computer.
1954, the first general data processor IBM650 was born.
1955, the first large computer IBM705 with magnetic core was built.
1956, IBM introduced the scientific 704 computer.
1957, the programming language FORTRAN came out.
1959, the first small scientific calculator IBM620 was successfully developed.
1960, the data processing system IBM 140 1 was successfully developed.
196 1 year, the programming language COBOL came out.
196 1 year, the first platform system computer was designed by MIT.
1963, the BASIC language came out.
1964, the third generation computer IBM360 series.
1965, American digital equipment company launched the first minicomputer PDP-8.
From 65438 to 0969, IBM successfully developed 90-column card machine and system-3 computer system.
1970, IBM system 1370 computer series.
197 1 year, the unIVersity of Illinois designed and completed the ilium iv supercomputer.
197 1 year, the first microprocessor 4004 was successfully developed by Intel.
From 65438 to 0972, microprocessor substrates began to be produced and sold in large quantities.
1973, IBM successfully developed the first floppy disk.
1975, the Atari-8800 microcomputer came out.
1977, Modol company announced the successful development of the fully combined microcomputer PET-200 1.
1977, TRS-80 microcomputer was born.
1977, Apple II microcomputer was born.
From 65438 to 0978, VLSI was applied.
1978, bubble memory was used in commercial computers for the second time.
1979, Sharp announced that it had made the first portable microcomputer.
From 65438 to 0982, microcomputers became popular and entered schools and families in large numbers.
From 65438 to 0984, the Japanese computer industry began to develop the "fifth generation computer"-a computer with artificial intelligence.
History of computer development in China;
1958, the Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences successfully developed the first small electronic tube general computer 103 (Bayi model), which marked the birth of the first electronic computer in China.
1965, the Institute of Computing Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences successfully developed the first large transistor computer 109B, and then introduced the computer 109C, which played an important role in the two-bomb test.
1974, Tsinghua University and other units jointly designed and developed an integrated circuit microcomputer DJS- 130, with an operation speed of 1 10,000 times per second;
1983, the University of National Defense Technology successfully developed the Yinhe-1 supercomputer with an operation speed of hundreds of millions of times per second, which is an important milestone in the development of high-speed computers in China.
From 65438 to 0985, the Computer Administration Bureau of the Ministry of Electronic Industry successfully developed the Great Wall 0520CH microcomputer compatible with IBM PC.
1992, the Galaxy -II universal parallel supercomputer was developed by the national university of defense technology, with a peak speed of 400 million floating-point operations per second (equivalent to10 billion basic operations per second). It is a four-processor vector machine with main memory, and its vector central processor is designed with small and medium-sized integrated circuits, reaching the international advanced level in the middle and late 1980s. Mainly used for medium-term weather forecast;
1993, the National Intelligent Computer Research and Development Center (later established as Beijing Shuguang Computer Company) successfully developed Shuguang No.1 fully symmetric memory multiprocessor, which is the first parallel computer based on VLSI general microprocessor chip and standard UNIX operating system in China.
1995, Dawning Company introduced Dawning 1000 (including 36 processors), the first MPP parallel machine in China. The peak speed is 2.5 billion floating-point operations per second, and the actual operation speed is10 billion floating-point operations per second. Dawning 1000 is similar to the massively parallel computer architecture and implementation technology introduced by Intel Corporation of the United States in 1990, and the gap with foreign countries has narrowed to about 5 years.
1997, National Defense Science and Technology University successfully developed the Galaxy -III Billion Parallel Supercomputer System, which adopts an extensible distributed storage parallel processing architecture and consists of more than 130 processing nodes. The peak performance is1300 million floating-point operations per second, and the comprehensive technology of the system has reached the international advanced level in the mid-1990s.
From 1997 to 1999, Dawning Company has successively launched Dawning 1000A, Dawning 2000-I and Dawning 2000-II cluster super servers in the market. The peak operation speed has exceeded 1000 billion floating-point operations per second, and the machine scale has exceeded 65438+.
65438-0999, Shenwei I computer developed by National Parallel Computer Engineering Technology Research Center passed the national acceptance and was put into operation in National Meteorological Center. The system has 384 processing units, and the peak operation speed reaches 384 billion times per second.
In 2000, Dawning Company launched Dawning 3000 Super Server with 300 billion floating-point operations per second.
In 200 1 year, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences successfully developed the first general-purpose CPU—— in China-"Godson" chip.
In 2002, Shuguang Company launched the "Longteng" server with completely independent intellectual property rights. Longteng server adopts "Loongson-1"CPU, the special motherboard for the server jointly developed by Dawning Company and Computing Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Dawning LINUX operating system. This server is the first product in China to fully realize independent intellectual property rights, and will play an important role in national defense, security and other departments.
In 2003, Dawning 4000L, a data processing super server, passed the national acceptance inspection for billions of times, which once again set a new record for domestic super servers and made the domestic high-performance industry reach a new level.