The Privy Council is an honorary institution that provides "assistance" and "advice" to the Canadian government. Its members are recommended by the Prime Minister and appointed by the Governor-General, including the ruling Prime Minister and cabinet members, former Prime Minister and cabinet members, former and current justices, etc. , valid for life. The head of government, the Prime Minister, is the leader of the ruling party. The ruling party refers to the party that won the parliamentary election and occupied a majority of seats. The Prime Minister has great power. Apart from forming the whole government, he also suggests choosing a governor and dissolving parliament. The term of office of the Prime Minister is not fixed, as long as his party remains the ruling party. Ministers of the government form the cabinet, usually members of the House of Representatives, and some are from the Senate. The Prime Minister attaches great importance to regional balance when selecting cabinet members, so that each region has interest representatives in government agencies. The main duties of the Cabinet are to determine the tasks of the government, formulate corresponding policies, and examine and approve every piece of legislation. It is worth mentioning that cabinet members, that is, government ministers, are only responsible to the elected House of Representatives, so the executive power of Canada is ultimately in the hands of the people. Similar to the federal government, local governments are composed of governors and provincial councils, mayors and city councils.
The legislative power of the Canadian Federation is in the hands of the Senate and the House of Representatives, both of which can introduce bills. Most public bills are introduced by the House of Representatives, while most private bills are introduced by the Senate. However, bills on the use of public funds, taxes and tariffs can only be introduced by the House of Representatives. After the bill is introduced by the House of Representatives, it must be submitted to the Senate after three rounds of reading and approval, and the Senate will be approved by the Governor or the Chief Justice after similar procedures before the bill officially becomes law. The Senate must go through the same procedure before it can introduce a bill. There are currently 282 seats in the House of Representatives, and the seats in the provinces are distributed according to the population. The more people there are, the more seats there will be. The Senate has 104 seats, and the allocation of seats is more regional.
The judiciary in Canada is divided into federal courts and provincial courts, both of which have special committees and arbitration institutions. Federal courts established by Congress are divided into appeal courts and trial courts. Its main function is to hear lawsuits against the federal government, and it is also responsible for patent, copyright and maritime legal affairs. In addition, it is also responsible for accepting the litigation of special councils and arbitration courts under its jurisdiction, and the litigation of Canada's tax court, which is responsible for federal taxation, is also accepted by it.
Provincial courts are divided into two levels. The first level is that provincial courts mainly try criminal cases. This level also includes some small courts that accept small disputes and juvenile and family courts. Judges at this level are appointed by the provinces. The second level is the Provincial High Court, which deals with serious criminal and civil cases. Above two levels are provincial litigation courts, which accept lawsuits against lower courts. The Supreme Court of Canada is the court of final appeal, consisting of the Chief Justice and eight judges. It accepts lawsuits against federal courts and provincial courts, and its judgments can usually not be dismissed. The entry requirements for Canadian lawyers are different in each province and territory, but each province and territory has legal aid programs, and everyone in Canada can get appropriate legal representation when needed, regardless of the amount.
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is Canada's national police force that enforces federal regulations. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) has a huge scale, with more than 20,000 staff, eight criminal investigation laboratories, the Canadian Police Information Center in Ottawa and the Canadian Police Academy in Regina, and its air power and maritime power are very strong. The Royal Mounted Police is also one of the national symbols of Canada. The image of mounted police, wearing a red cloak and riding a big horse, has been familiar to many people in the world. The Royal Mounted Police is the only police force in the Yukon and Northwest Territories. Ontario and Quebec have their own provincial police, while the other eight provinces employ the Royal Mounted Police to assist the local police in their respective regional security tasks. Some cities have their own police. In areas where there is no city police, the Royal Mounted Police or provincial police are responsible for police tasks.